Studied by 1 person
War of Austrian Succession
war over the control of Austria due to the fact that Charles VI left Maria Theresa as heir to the throne
Catherine the Great
empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to westernize Russia; created a new law code, greatly expanded Russia, and continued the economic development under Peter the Great
Seven Years' War
worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land
federalist system
a system of government where power is divided between a central government and several other distinct, semi-autonomous regions
Dutch Patriots
rebels (many of which came from the middle class) in the Netherlands that rose up in 1787 to oppose the House of Orange's seemingly "single family rule" while advocating for political reforms
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
a document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops
Jacobins
a political party that advocated for a republic instead of a monarchy in France; led by Maximilien de Robespierre
sans-culottes
France's unskilled laborers who worked in cities doing unskilled manual labor and were most affected by famine or inflation (could not afford to buy noblemen's kneebreeches)
Waterloo
The site of Napoleon's defeat by British and Prussian armies in 1815, which ended his last bid for power
the Three Estates
the three classes of French society
1st: clergy
2nd: nobles
3rd: common people
Principia Mathematica
In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton wrote this. It was filled with contributions to many areas of science, and included the three well-known laws of motion.
Bernard de Fontenelle
(1657-1706), sought to make science witty and entertaining to a broad non-scientific audience, helped bring science into conflict with religion, skeptical about absolute truth and the claims of organized religion
Letters on the English
written by Voltaire ( 1733), it was his book based on his experiences in Britain; it praised virtues of the English and indirectly criticized the French society's abuses
David Hume
Scottish philosopher whose skeptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses
deism
a popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets
Vindication of the Rights of Women
written by Mary Wollstonecraft, she demanded equal rights for women and advocated rigorous coeducation that would make women better wives and mothers, good citizens, and economically independent
original sin
1: the sin of the first human beings, who disobeyed God's command by choosing to follow their own will and thus lost their original holiness and became subject to death
2: the fallen state of human nature that affects every person born into the world.
atheists
people who believe that there is no God
Thomas Hobbes
English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings
Leviathan
written by Thomas Hobbes, who maintained that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract
Daniel Defoe
wrote Robinson Crusoe (known as the father of the English novel) and advocated for stern discipline for children
romanticism
emphasized subjective emotion and creativity over logic and reason
George Fox
Founder of the Quakers
pogroms
organized assaults on Jews
masonic lodges
places where secret organizations, like the fraternal brotherhood of Freemasonry, gathered
