AE Study Guide: Freshwater Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, Infectious Diseases, Waterborne Pathogens and Biodiversity in Aquatic Ecological Systems

What are ray-finned fish called?

teleosts

How many superorders are there in teleosts?

12

List all 7 orders of teleosts/ray-finned fishes (scientific names)

clupeiformes. cypriniformes

What order do herring/shad belong to?

Clupeiformes

What order do minnows (carp/dace/koi) belong to?

Cypriniformes

What order do pike (pickerel/mudminnows) belong in?

Esociformes

What order do perch (bass/darter/walleye/sunfish/drum) belong?

Perciformes

What order do salmon (trout/whitefish) belong?

Salmoniformes

What order do catfish belong?

Siluriformes

What order do mosquitofish/guippies belong?

Cyprinodontiformes

Why are fish able to have such a high population?

productive habitats and isolation causing evolution

What is natural selection?

the theory that the best adapted individuals pass on more genes to the next generation than the less adapted individuals

What is evolution?

change in gene frequencies between generations

What is genetic drift?

the theory that random processes cause certain genes to disappear from or become fixed in a population

What is gene flow?

the theory that genes enter a population from outside soruces

What is sexual selection?

the theory that selected genes become more common with the next generation when one or both sexes either prefer to mate with individuals with certain phenotypes or have a genetic basis

What causes reproductive isolation?

physical/geographic isolation

What is physical/geographical isolation?

When populations cannot come into contact due to physical barriers

What is environmental isolation?

When different populations live in different habitats

What is behavioral isolation?

When mating behaviors of individuals from different populations are too different for successful reproduction

What is physiological isolation?

When hybrid offspring are not formed or have lower fitness that pure offspring

What is mechanical isolation?

When sex organs are too different for mating to occur

Fishes that are confined to freshwater and cannot tolerate saltwater are known as _.

Primary Freshwater (FW) fishes

What are some examples of primary freshwater fishes?

characins

What are fishes that are generally restricted to freshwater but may tolerate saltwater and are originally of marine origin called?

Secondary Freshwater (FW) fishes

What are examples of secondary freshwater fishes?

cichlids

What are freshwater fishes that are representative of marine families called?

peripheral fishes

What are examples of peripheral fishes?

sculpins

What are fish that live in both freshwater and salt water called?

Euryhaline

What are examples of euryhaline marine visitors?

bull sharks and snappers

What are fishes that migrate from salt water to freshwater called?

diadromous

What are fishes that are born in freshwater and spend most of their lives in saltwater and return to freshwater to spawn called?

anadromous

What are fish that live in freshwater and migrate to saltwater to breed called?

catadromous

What are fishes that migrate between fresh and salt water but not specifically for breathing called?

amphidromous

What is biological monitoring?

collecting

What is the purpose of biological monitoring?

to quickly assess both water and habitat quality

Abundant and diverse macroinvertebrate populations suggest (healthy/unhealthy) environments.

healthy

Scare and similar macroinvertebrate populations suggest (healthy/unhealthy) environments.

unhealthy

What are macroinvertebrates?

creatures that lack a backbone and can be seen with the naked eye

What are benthic macroinvertebrates?

Macroinvertebbrates that live in the substrate (bottom) of a water body

Where do macorinvertebrates derive their oxygen?

from the water

True or False: Macroinvertebrates are impacted both by man-made and naturally occuring stresses in a stream environment.

true

Why are macroinverts used as indicators of water quality?

they are not very mobile

What are the major key identification features suggesting that an organism is a macroinvertebrate?

overall body shape

What are "tails" called on macroinvertebrates?

cerci

What are the three main body parts of a macroinvertebrate?

head

What are portable cases on macroinvertebrates?

structures made of leaves

What class of macroinverts has a third tail that is 1/2 the length of the outer tails?

Baetis

When and how often is biological monitoring done?

once every three months/season/quarter during the same time and location

What are riffles?

shallow area of a stream in which water flows rapidly over a rocky or gravelly stream bed

What are leaf packs?

decomposing vegetation that is submerged in the water

What are vegetated margins?

areas along the edge of water bodies that consist of overhanging bank vegetation

What are woody debris?

dead or living trees

What is a sand/rock/gravel streambed?

an area of stream with coarse substrate

Rocky Bottom Streams are often found in (northern/southern) New Jersey and are characterized by their (fast moving water with turbulence/slow moving water with no turbulence) and consist of pool and riffle systems.

northern

Muddy Bottom Streams are often found in (northern/southern) New Jersey and urban areas due to erosion and sedimentation. They are characterized by their (fast moving water with turbulence/slow moving water with no turbulence) and is generally composed of fine silt

sand

The Rocky Bottom Sampling Method consists of what?

Sampling small ares with kick seine nets

The Muddy Bottom Sampling Method consists of what?

sampling 3 different habitats using a d-frame net

_ have two sets of wing pads

two hair-like tails

_ are similar to stonefly nymphs but with noticeable gills on the abdomen and three tails instead of two. They have gills on their abdomen

usually three hair-like tails

build distinctive cases made of sticks

rocks

are mostly cylindrical with the front tapering to a cone-shaped point

are pale brown to green

____ have flat

disk-like bodies with their head and legs concealed from above with 6 legs and branches gills on their underside.

_ have small

oval bodies (1/16-1/4 in in length) with long legs

_ has a shell that usually opens on the right covered by a thin plate (operculum).

Gilded Snail

What species are in Group 1 Taxa of the WQI?

stonefly nymph

Somewhat pollution tolerant organisms that require (high/medium/low) levels of dissolved oxygen and are found in (good/medium/poor) quality water are known as Group #_.

2

____ has a caterpillar-like

strongly curved

_ have a body that is somewhat flattened

short and inconspicuous antennae

__ have two pairs of wing pads

large/round/oval abdomens that terminate in three small pointed structures

_ have very narrow and slender abdomens

along with three oar-shaped tails

_ have a plump

caterpillar-like segmented body

____ measure up to 6 inches in length and resemble a small lobster.

crayfish

____ are dorsoventrally flattened

clear whitish to pink in color

____ are laterally flattened and clear whitish to pink in color.

scuds

What animals are part of Group 2 on the WQI?

common net spinning caddisfly larva

Species that are somewhat pollution tolerant

require (high/medium/low) levels of dissolved oxygen and are found in (high/medium/low) quality water belong to group #_.

Species that are pollution tolerant

require (high/medium/low) levels of dissolved oxygen and are found in (high/medium/low) quality water belong to group #_.

___ have a small

slightly curved

____ have an abdomen that terminates in an attatchment disc

a body that is larger at the rear end and resembles a bowling pin

_ are typically dorsoventrally flattened with 34 segments and have suckers on each side.

leech

can vary in length (7 to 500 segments)

are clear whitish to pink in color and often have segments with bristles or hairs.

have shells that usually open to the left when pointed up

breathes air

What macroinvertebrates are part of Group #3 of the WQI?

midgefly larva

What organisms are not part of the pollution tolerance/water quality index (PTI/WQI)?

true bugs and any organisms in the order hemiptera (giant water bugs

What are pathogens?

viruses

True or False: Parasites are pathogens.

true

What are the causes of waterborne pathogens?

floods

What are the preventions for waterborne pathogens?

boil/sanitize your water

What is the treatment for waterborne pathogens?

vaccines

What is ecology?

the study of interactions among organisms with each other and with the environment

What is an organism?

a single living thing

What is a population?

several organisms of the same species living together in the same time and place

What is a community?

populations of different species

What is an ecosystem?

a biological community

What is a biome?

a group of similar ecosystems

What is a biosphere?

all space on earth where organisms exist (earth)

---

or producers

---

or consumers

What is a mixotroph?

an organisms that is both an autotroph and heterotroph (ex. Venus flytrap)