Kin 480 Exam 1

distal

further from trunk (abdomen)

proximal

closer to the trunk (abdomen)

lateral

away from the midline

medial

closer to the midline

anterior

front side in anatomical position (ventral)

posterior

back side in anatomical position (dorsal)

superior

closer to the head (cranial)

inferior

further from the head (caudal)

superficial

closer to the surface

deep

further from the surface

plantar

bottom of foot

dorsal

top of foot

plane

a two dimensional surface defined by 3 points not on the same line (i.e. not colinear)

axis

a line passing perpendicularly through a plane

sagittal plane

vertical plane that divides body into right and left parts (medial-lateral axis (ML))

frontal plane

vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts (anterior-posterior axis (AP))

transverse plane

horizontal plane that divides the body into top and bottom parts (longitudinal axis)

cardinal/mid plane

a plane that passes through the body such that it divides into equal mass halves (there are 3 of them)

center of mass

this is where the mid-sagittal, mid-frontal, and mid-transverse planes intersect when the body is in anatomical position (where the 3 cardinal/mid planes intersect)

medial-lateral axes (ML)

two "rods" going through the shoulder and knee joints from each side of the body

anterior-posterior axes (AP)

four "rods" going through both shoulder and hip joints from the front and back of the body

longitudinal axes

one "rod" going up/down through the center of the body

flexion

bending at a joint (sagittal plane (ML axis))

extension

straightening at a joint (sagittal plane (ML axis))

abduction

move away from midline (frontal plane (AP axis))

adduction

move towards midline (frontal plane (AP axis))

medial rotation (internal)

anterior surface rotates medially (inward) (transverse plan (L axis))

lateral rotation (external)

anterior surface rotates laterally (outward) (transverse pane (L axis))

dorsiflexion

point toes up (towards shin) (sagittal plane (ML axis))

plantar flexion

point ties down (away from shin) (sagittal plane (ML axis))

elevation

move shoulder girdle superiorly (closer to the head) (frontal plane (AP axis))

depression

move shoulder girdle inferiorly (further from the head) (frontal plane (AP axis))

scapular protraction/abduction

rotate scapulae outward by pushing shoulders forward

scapular retraction/adduction

rotate scapulae inward by pulling shoulders back

inversion

lift medial (closer to midline) border of foot (frontal plane (AP axis))

eversion

lift lateral (further from midline) border of foot (frontal plane (AP axis))

radial deviation

move toward radial styloid (abduction) (internal rotation of wrist) (frontal plane (AP axis))

ulnar deviation

move toward ulnar styloid (adduction) (external rotation of wrist) (frontal plane (AP axis))

lateral flexion

bend trunk to the right or left (frontal plane (AP axis))

supination

rotate thumb laterally (away from midline) (transverse plane (L. axis))

pronation

rotate thumb medially (toward midline) (transverse plane (L axis))

horizontal adduction

move towards midline (transverse plane (L axis))

horizontal abduction

move away from midline (transverse plane (L axis))

circumduction

flexion +abduction, +adduction, +extension (rotate finger in a circle) (multiple planes, multiple axes)

varus

when the segments are angled outward at a joint (seen in the knees in some people where their knees are angled outward when facing or standing behind a person)

valgus

when the segments are angled inward at a joint (seen in the knees in some people where their knees are angled inward when facing or standing behind a person)

concentric activation

- the muscle is shortening under tension

- work against gravity to raise the body or objects

- try to speed up the body segments or objects

eccentric activation

- the muscle is lengthening under tension

- work with gravity to slowly lower the body or objects

- try to slow down body segments or obejcts

isometric activation

the muscle length does not change under tension

axial skeleton

skull, thorax, and vertebral column

appendicular skeleton

upper and lower extremities with pelvis and shoulder girdle

osteoprogenitor cells

stem cells in the bone marrow that can differentiate into osteoblasts or osteocytes

osteoblasts

these are the bone-forming cells (build bone)

osteocytes

help transport metabolites, sense stress, communicate between cells, and help regulate mineral homeostasis

Osteoclasts

bone dissolving cells (clear bone)

lacunae

oval shaped spaces that contain an osteocyte

lamellae

concentric layers surrounding the Haversian canal

modeling

involves independent actions of osteoclasts or osteoblasts to change the general shape of a bone

remodeling

involves the sequential actions of osteoclasts and then osteoblasts at a site to remove older bone and replace it with newer bone

stress

the force exerted on a material per unit area

strain

the stretching or compressing relative to the length being stretched or compressed

stiffness

the slope of a stress-strain curve

osteogenic stimulation

the mechanical input that can signal the bone to increase osteogenic activity

mechanosensitivity

the sensitivity of bone to the mechanical loading

osteogenic activation

the signal that is sent from the mechanosensory organ to the sites of increased osteogenic activity

specificity

greatest increases in bone mass density occur at the site of loading

overload

training stimulus must exceed normal loading to get increases in bone mass density

reversibility

positive effects will be lost if training is discontinued

initial values

the lower you start the greater the increases with training

diminishing returns

as the biological ceiling is approached, gains will slow

compressive loading (compression)

cervical and lumbar fractures from spine loaded through head or when the spine is loaded in a hyperlordotic (aka swayback) position

tensile loading (tension)

a fracture due to muscle forces severing tendon-bone is called an avulsion fracture

shear forces

created by the application of compressive, tensile, or a combination of these loads causing the bone to break in a horizontal line fashion

beding forces

bone snaps due to bending forces causing tension on one side and compression on the other side

torsional forces

caused by a twisting force where a spiral fracture may develop from this load

insufficiency fracture (fragility fracutre)

cracks in a weakened bone under normal loading

fatigue fracture

cracks in a normal bone that has been put under extreme load

osteoporosis

bone disease in which the amount of bone is decreased and the structural integrity of trabecular bone is impaired

synarthroses

fibrous joint with little or no movement

amphiarthroses

cartilaginous joints with some motion

diarthroses

(aka synovial joint) - freely movable joint

ball and socket joint

(triaxial) can produce flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and internal and external rotation movements

condyloid joint

(biaxial) can produce flexion and extension, and internal and external rotation movements

hinge joint

(uniaxial) can produce a flexion and extension moevement

pivot joint

(uniaxial) can produce a supination and pronation movement

gliding joint

(no axes) can produce a gliding movement between 2 flat bones

ellipsoidal joint

(biaxial) can produce a flexion and extension, and abduction and adduction mevement

saddle joint

(biaxial) can produce a flexion and extension, and abduction and adduction movement (same as ellipsoidal but has a greater range of movement)

articular cartilage

composed of hyaline cartilage that is smooth elastic tissue on ends of bone that functions to absorb shock, distribute force, and provide a low friction surface

fibrous capsule

fibrous collagen tissue used to help hold bones together

synovial membrane

lines the joint cavity and secretes synovial fluid to lubricate and provide nutrition

ligaments

connect bone to bone and usually restrict range of motion (ROM) to stabilize the joint

tendons

connect muscle to bone

bursa

small capsules lined with synovial membranes that reduces the friction between other structures in the joint

tendon sheaths

fascia surrounding tendon to reduce friction between tendon and surrounding structures

osteoarthritis

a degenerative joint disease in which the articular cartilage in the joint deteriorates, causing pain and loss of movement as bone begins to rub against bone

rheumatoid arthritis

an autoimmune disease where the synovial membrane becomes inflamed as part of the body's immune system activity which causes deterioration of the joint, pain, and limited movement

flexibility

the state of muscle's length which restricts or allows freedom of joint movement

endurance

the ability of muscle to exert force repeatedly or constantly

strength

the maximum force that can be achieved by muscular tension