blood transfusions

What is acute hemorrhage?

A sudden loss of a large volume of blood, often requiring immediate medical intervention, such as a blood transfusion.

What is trauma in the context of transfusion?

Injuries that result in significant blood loss, necessitating transfusion to restore blood volume and maintain circulation.

What is surgical bleeding?

Excessive blood loss during or after a surgical procedure, which may require transfusion to replace lost blood.

What is coagulopathy?

A condition where the blood's ability to clot is impaired, potentially leading to excessive bleeding and the need for transfusion.

What is intracavitary bleeding?

Bleeding that occurs within a body cavity, which can lead to significant blood loss and may require transfusion.

What is chronic anemia?

A long-term condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin, which may necessitate blood transfusions for treatment.

What is hemolytic anemia?

A type of anemia caused by the premature destruction of red blood cells, which may require transfusion to manage low blood cell counts.

What are the main causes for indication for transfusion?

Acute hemorrhage, chronic anemia, and hemolytic anemia

Signs of Acute Hemorrhage in horses?

sweat and have colic

What are the main components of blood?

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

What is hypovolemic shock?

loss of too much blood/fluid in the body

When an acute hemorrhage is present, what will you find in the physical exam?

Pale mucous membranes, Tachycardia, Tachypnea, Lethargy, Cold extremities, Hypotension

How much blood would you lose to cause Acute hemorrhage

Blood loss greater than 30% of blood volume

When does PCV dropping below 20-25% occur?

Occurs during acute episode

What does Tachypnea mean?

rapid breathing

What are some examples of chronic anemia?

Chronic kidney disease or renal failure

Erythropoietin

Hormone stimulating red blood cell production. (in kidney)

What does normovolemic mean?

normal blood volumes

What does a buffy coat mean?

WBC or platelets

What does hemolytic anemia mean?

anemia caused by the destruction of red blood cells

What does chronic anemia mean?

A long-term condition characterized by reduced red blood cell counts due to underlying chronic illnesses, leading to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues.

What breeds or sexes can be dog blood donors?

Any breed or sex

What temperament should dog blood donors have?

Good temperament

What is the ideal neuter status for dog blood donors?

Ideally neutered

What is the minimum weight for dog blood donors?

At least 55 lbs.

What is the age range for dog blood donors?

1-7 years

What health tests must dog blood donors pass?

Tested negative for intestinal parasites and heartworms within the last 6 months

What vaccination status is required for dog blood donors?

Fully vaccinated (should not have been vaccinated within the last 10-12 days)

What is the minimum PCV for dog blood donors?

PCV of at least 40%

What type of DEA is required for dog blood donors?

DEA 4 type only

What is the maximum blood volume a dog can donate?

Maximum of 450 mL or 16 mL/kg once every 4 weeks

What is the age requirement for a cat blood donor?

The cat must be younger than 8 years.

What is the minimum weight for a cat to be a blood donor?

The cat must weigh no less than 10 lbs.

What is the neutering requirement for cat blood donors?

The cat must be neutered or spayed.

What type of living environment is required for cat blood donors?

The cat must be indoor only.

What vaccination status is required for cat blood donors?

The cat must be fully vaccinated, with no vaccinations given in the last 11-12 days.

What is the required packed cell volume (PCV) for a cat blood donor?

The PCV should be approximately 35%.

What diseases must a cat blood donor test negative for?

The cat must test negative for Feline leukemia, Feline infectious peritonitis, Feline immunodeficiency virus, and Haemobartonella felis.

How often can a cat blood donor donate blood?

A cat can donate 60 mL of blood once every 4 weeks.

What medication can the patient be on when donating?

Heartworm prevention and flea prevention

What is babesia?

Blood parasite transmitted by ticks

What does a 4DX test for?

heartworm disease, Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, and anaplasmosis

What does DEA mean?

Dog Erythrocyte Antigen

What are the different types of Canine blood types

1.1, 1.2, 3, 4, 5, and 7

What canine blood types are the most immunogenic

1.1, 1.2, 7

How can you identify blood types on canine?

typing cards

What does agglutination mean?

clumping of blood (lysed=destroyed)

What blood type is most common in canines?

DEA 4 (universal donor)

What percent of canines are DEA?

98%

What percentage of canines are DEA 4, while neg for all others

15%

Do dogs and horses have naturally occurring antibodies?

no

Where are antigens?

on the surface of RBCs

Because dogs have naturally occurring antibodies, what is less likely to happen?

reaction on first blood transfusion

Whose blood can DEA 1.1 donors only be used by?

DEA 1.1 positive

Do horses have universal donors?

No

Most common donors for horses?

Aa and QA

How many blood systems do horses have

8

What do cow donors need to be negative for?

Factor J

How many blood factors do horses have?

34

Why should we do antibody screens yearly?

Alloantibodies

What do alloantibodies make?

colostrum

What is the first step in cross matching?

Collect 2 mL of blood in an EDTA tube from both the donor and recipient.

What should be done after collecting blood for cross matching?

Centrifuge the blood and remove plasma into prelabeled tubes.

How should the red blood cells (RBC) be separated after centrifugation?

Place the RBC of the recipient in one tube and the RBC from the donor in a separate tube.

What is done with the plasma after centrifugation?

Place the plasma of the recipient in one tube and the plasma from the donor in a separate tube.

What is the mixing ratio of RBC to NaCl for cross matching?

Mix 0.2 mL of RBC with 4.8 mL of 0.95% NaCl for both donor and recipient.

For cross-matching, what should we do on Slide 1

Drop donor plasma and 1 drop donor RBC suspension; this shouldn't react. (control)

For cross-matching, what should we do on Slide 2

Drop recipient plasma and 1 drop recipient RBC suspension; this shouldn't react. (control)

For cross-matching, what should we do on Slide 3

1 drop donor plasma and 1 drop recipient RBC suspension. (minor cross-match)

For cross-matching, what should we do on Slide 4

1 drop recipient plasma and 1 drop donor RBC suspension. (minor cross-match)

How long does it take RBC antibodies to develop during a cross-match?

3-7 days

How long should you mix the drop of blood on the slide for a cross-match?

5-15 min

What are we using for Major?

Donor cells, recipient serum/plasma

What do we use minor for?

Donor serum/plasma and recipient cells

What is IMHA mean?

immune mediated hemolytic anemia

What is immune-mediated hemolytic anemia

When antibodies are made directly or indirectly against self-RBCs. This leads to anemia.

What is rouleaux?

Stacking of RBCs

What animal has rouleaux?

horse

How can you tell a horse has agglutination?

Saline test=rouleaux should disperse

Do donors need to be typed before blood collection?

No, donors are not routinely typed before blood collection.

What are the blood types in the AB system for cats?

A, B, and AB.

What blood type do nearly all domestic shorthair and longhair cats have?

Type A.

What blood type is common among many purebred cats?

Type B.

What do cats have against the other blood type?

Naturally occurring alloantibodies.

Is there a universal feline blood donor type?

No, there is no universal feline blood donor type.

What type of blood should Type A cats receive?

Type A blood.

What type of blood should Type B cats receive?

Type B blood.

What can AB cats receive?

Both Type A and Type B blood.

What can happen during the first transfusion for felines?

Cats can have severe reactions.

What is used as an anticoagulant for blood collection?

Sodium citrate

What is the storage solution for blood?

Citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) or Citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine (CPDA)

How do you determine the volume of replacement IV fluids needed?

Multiply the volume of blood collected by three

What are dogs max for blood donation?

15-20% BV

What are cats max for blood donation?

5-10%

What solution should be used to flush IV lines for blood product administration?

Sodium chloride solutions

What can happen if IV lines are flushed with fluids other than sodium chloride?

RBCs may clump or hemolysis may occur.

What is the initial rate for blood product administration?

0.35 mL/kg for the first 15-20 minutes.

What is the rate at which blood products can be administered after 15-20 minutes if no transfusion reaction occurs?

20-40 mL/kg/hr in patients with no significant heart disease.

What are some immunological reactions to transfusions?

Hypotension, vomiting, salivation, muscle tremors, tachycardia.

What can occur with delayed transfusion reactions?

Delayed reactions can occur.