AP Psych Unit 2

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36 Terms

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Perception is influenced by external sensory information, also known as what?

Bottom-up processing

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Internal prior expectations

are also known as top-down processing.

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What two internal factors filter perception of the world?

Schemas and Perceptual Sets

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External factors that influence perception of the world?

Contexts, Experiences, and Cultural Experiences

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What are Gestalt Principles?

Explains how we organize our world (closure, figure and ground, proximity, similarity).

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______________ is an interaction of sensation and perception

Attention

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Examples of attention perceptions and sensations

Selective attention and Inattentional Blindness

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Binocular depth cues of _____________ and _________________ utilizes images from each eye

retinal disparity, convergence

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Monocular Depth Cues:

Relative clarity, relative size, texture gradient, linear perspective, and interposition. (give the illusion of depth)

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_______________ maintain perception of an object even when the image changes

Perceptual constancies

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_______________________ can be perceived when objects are not moving

Apparent movement

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What is Sensation?

The experience of sensory stimulation

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Bottom-up Process

an approach to perception that begins with raw sensory information that gets sent up to the brain for higher-level analysis.

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What is Perception?

  • The process of creating meaningful patterns with raw sensory information

  • Strikes retina, uses pattern recognition

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Top Down Process

  • Using sensory experience basics comes with an expectation/ previous background knowledge.

  • Forms foundation of consciousness

  • We interpret sensory information using our schemas and past experiences to construct deeper meaning.

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What is subliminal sensation and perception?

The notion that we may respond to stimuli that are below our levels of sensory OR perceptual awareness.

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What is subliminal stimulus?

Falls below our threshold for conscious detection HOWEVER the unconscious activation of certain associations may alter perception, memory, or response.

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Priming

  • Can be a subliminal sensation or perception

  • Individuals react positively or negatively depending on what image was flashed before their eyes.

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How does priming affect perception?

Activates associations

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Individual and Cultural Differences in Perception?

  • Motivation

  • Values

  • Expectations

  • Cognitive Style

  • Experience and Culture

  • Personality

  • Synesthesia

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Perceptual Adaptation:

How perception will change when you get used to the distortion of it. Ex: drunk goggles

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Perceptual Set

  • Influenced by motivation, schemas, emotions, and experiences

  • Mental predisposition to perceive one thing over another and ignore others

  • Ex: is dolphin a fish? Is a stool a chair?

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Schemas

  • Changing schemas —> accommodation (not accurate or complete)

  • Schemas mental representations of ideas or categories that help us organize, process, and store new information

  • Networks of interrelated concepts

  • Schemas can include more cognitive information (feelings, assumptions) —> many automatic and culturally based

  • Stereotypes are often included in schemas, especially with little information and/or experience

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Selective Attention

Focusing on conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.

(Cannot multitask)

Our sense bombarded with stimuli, focus on a small number of stimuli.

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Occipital lobes ________ sent via optic nerve

makes sense of information

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Perception is?

Detecting patterns (Gestalt Principles —> Perceptual organization)

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Figure- Ground

Perceiving a foreground object (figure) against a background (ground)

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Grouping

Proximity, group things together

  • Similarity —> Things that look alike

  • Continuity —> Tend to perceive smooth and continuous patterns over separate pieces

  • Connectedness —> We group things together, connected as one unit

  • Closure —> Filling gaps to complete an image

  • Context effects —> Things around us affect how we see things

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Perceptual Constancy

Mind takes in environment change and still holds perceptual context. Ex: same sweater lights on or off.

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Types of perceptual constancies

  • Size constancy

  • Shape Constancy

  • Brightness/Light Constancy

  • Color Constancy

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Monocular cues

those that require only one eye

  • Relative clarity —> Objects far away fuzzy, images closer (clearer)

  • Superposition/Interposition —> Whats blocking what. Things are closer, block things closer gives you a sense of depth.

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Texture Gradient

Ex: Size of sand up close versus far away

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Linear perspective

lines come together at horizon

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Binocular Eyes

Requires both eyes

  • Convergence

  • Retinal Disparity

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Convergence

The closer you get, the more cross-eyed you get.

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Retinal Disparity

  • the closer an object is, the more two retinas see differently.