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AP Psychology
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Perception is influenced by external sensory information, also known as what?
Bottom-up processing
Internal prior expectations
are also known as top-down processing.
What two internal factors filter perception of the world?
Schemas and Perceptual Sets
External factors that influence perception of the world?
Contexts, Experiences, and Cultural Experiences
What are Gestalt Principles?
Explains how we organize our world (closure, figure and ground, proximity, similarity).
______________ is an interaction of sensation and perception
Attention
Examples of attention perceptions and sensations
Selective attention and Inattentional Blindness
Binocular depth cues of _____________ and _________________ utilizes images from each eye
retinal disparity, convergence
Monocular Depth Cues:
Relative clarity, relative size, texture gradient, linear perspective, and interposition. (give the illusion of depth)
_______________ maintain perception of an object even when the image changes
Perceptual constancies
_______________________ can be perceived when objects are not moving
Apparent movement
What is Sensation?
The experience of sensory stimulation
Bottom-up Process
an approach to perception that begins with raw sensory information that gets sent up to the brain for higher-level analysis.
What is Perception?
The process of creating meaningful patterns with raw sensory information
Strikes retina, uses pattern recognition
Top Down Process
Using sensory experience basics comes with an expectation/ previous background knowledge.
Forms foundation of consciousness
We interpret sensory information using our schemas and past experiences to construct deeper meaning.
What is subliminal sensation and perception?
The notion that we may respond to stimuli that are below our levels of sensory OR perceptual awareness.
What is subliminal stimulus?
Falls below our threshold for conscious detection HOWEVER the unconscious activation of certain associations may alter perception, memory, or response.
Priming
Can be a subliminal sensation or perception
Individuals react positively or negatively depending on what image was flashed before their eyes.
How does priming affect perception?
Activates associations
Individual and Cultural Differences in Perception?
Motivation
Values
Expectations
Cognitive Style
Experience and Culture
Personality
Synesthesia
Perceptual Adaptation:
How perception will change when you get used to the distortion of it. Ex: drunk goggles
Perceptual Set
Influenced by motivation, schemas, emotions, and experiences
Mental predisposition to perceive one thing over another and ignore others
Ex: is dolphin a fish? Is a stool a chair?
Schemas
Changing schemas —> accommodation (not accurate or complete)
Schemas mental representations of ideas or categories that help us organize, process, and store new information
Networks of interrelated concepts
Schemas can include more cognitive information (feelings, assumptions) —> many automatic and culturally based
Stereotypes are often included in schemas, especially with little information and/or experience
Selective Attention
Focusing on conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.
(Cannot multitask)
Our sense bombarded with stimuli, focus on a small number of stimuli.
Occipital lobes ________ sent via optic nerve
makes sense of information
Perception is?
Detecting patterns (Gestalt Principles —> Perceptual organization)
Figure- Ground
Perceiving a foreground object (figure) against a background (ground)
Grouping
Proximity, group things together
Similarity —> Things that look alike
Continuity —> Tend to perceive smooth and continuous patterns over separate pieces
Connectedness —> We group things together, connected as one unit
Closure —> Filling gaps to complete an image
Context effects —> Things around us affect how we see things
Perceptual Constancy
Mind takes in environment change and still holds perceptual context. Ex: same sweater lights on or off.
Types of perceptual constancies
Size constancy
Shape Constancy
Brightness/Light Constancy
Color Constancy
Monocular cues
those that require only one eye
Relative clarity —> Objects far away fuzzy, images closer (clearer)
Superposition/Interposition —> Whats blocking what. Things are closer, block things closer gives you a sense of depth.
Texture Gradient
Ex: Size of sand up close versus far away
Linear perspective
lines come together at horizon
Binocular Eyes
Requires both eyes
Convergence
Retinal Disparity
Convergence
The closer you get, the more cross-eyed you get.
Retinal Disparity
the closer an object is, the more two retinas see differently.