Reformation

Reformation

A movement in the 16th century aimed at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church.

95 Theses

A list of grievances by Martin Luther against the Catholic Church, particularly regarding the sale of indulgences.

Indulgences

Payments made to the Church that were believed to reduce punishment for sins.

Johann Tetzel

A preacher known for selling indulgences, which sparked Martin Luther's opposition.

Diet of Worms

A meeting in 1521 where Martin Luther was summoned to defend his writings and did not recant.

Justification by faith alone

The belief that faith in Jesus, not good works, is what allows for salvation; a core principle of Protestantism.

Augsburg Confession

A document outlining Lutheran beliefs, codified in 1530, summarizing key doctrines of the Reformation.

Peace of Augsburg

A 1555 treaty allowing each German state to choose their religion, granting legal recognition to Lutheranism.

Counter-Reformation

The Catholic Church's response to the Reformation, aiming to correct abuses and reaffirm Catholic doctrine.

Council of Trent

A series of meetings (1545-1563) where Catholic leaders addressed issues of corruption and clarified Church doctrines.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534, known for their emphasis on education and missionary work.

Ulrich Zwingli

A leader of the Reformation in Switzerland who emphasized the authority of scripture.

Calvinism

A Protestant denomination founded by John Calvin, known for its belief in predestination.

Anabaptists

A Protestant group that advocated for adult baptism and a separation from the state church.

Peasant Revolt

A revolt in 1524-1525 where peasants supported the new Reformation ideas, seeking social and economic justice.

Baroque Art

A style marked by dramatic expression and deep intensity, often used as propaganda during the Reformation.

Idolatry

The worship of images or objects instead of the divine, often criticized during the Reformation.

Papal Bull 'Exsurge Domine'

A decree issued by Pope Leo X condemning Luther's views and demanding his recantation.