Reformation

Reformationnnn

IN 1517, MARTIN LUTHER POSTED HIS 95 THESES IN REPONSE TO JOHANN TETZEL’S SELLING OF INDULGENCES WHILE RIDING ON HIS WONKEY

  • Lead up to luther

    • (see above) Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism, Huss and Wycliffe, Humanism threatened the church, Erasmus’s Praise of Folly

  • Corruption in Papacy

    • Pope Alexander VI (Borgia family)- example of a good liar in The Prince

    • Pope Julius II- return prestige to Vatican with major projects like St Peter’s Basilica- costs $$$ and initiated indulgences to pay (he is also violent)

    • Pope Leo X- of the Medici family, CORRUPT, bankrupted the papacy, brought back indulgences BIG TIMEEE

    • Pope Clement VII- also Medici, Reformation expanded under him

  • Indulgences!

    • Johann Tetzel indulgence preacher

    • Leo X- big indulgence guy (as pope)... but these words are not in the Bible!

    • Indulgences- buy your way into heaven fr fr (totally makes sense)

  • Martin Luther and the Reformation

    • Educated and spiritual, sees corruption of papacy when he goes to the Vatican

    • Ninety-five Theses- Luther’s list of 95 grievances by the Church, very redundant, show anger with corruption and indulgences

      • Goes on to be widely printed (remember PRINTING PRESS role in this process)

    • Reformation- idea that the Church just needs some reform

    • Protestantism- the creation of a new denomination

      • Justification by faith alone (basis of protestantism)

      • 2 sacraments, as opposed to catholic seven, scripture=truth

    • Leo X 1521- Papal Bull “Exsurge Domine”- condemned Luther’s ideas, ask him to recant, luther=excommunicated

    • Diet of Worms (1521)- court held for Luther by Charles V, who does not recant

      • Edict of Worms- declared Luther a heretic and enemy of the state

      • While hiding, Luther translates New Testament into vernacular language 

    • Schmalkaldic League- defensive alliance formed by protestants to protect themselves

    • Augsburg Confession-Codification in 1530 of Luther's doctrines as established since time of Diet of Worms and subsequent confinement at Wartburg, 1521-22. Included priesthood of all believers, two sacraments, authority of the bible, justification by faith alone, end to monasticism and celibacy, consubstantiation. Luther's friend, Philip Melancthon, worked on this codification with him.

    • Peace of Augsburg-1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler. A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany.

    • Idolatry- worship of image over deity, art=propaganda

  • Other reformation

    • John Calvin - Institutes of the Christian Religion- Founder of calvinism belief in predestination

    • Ulrich Zwingli- a reformation leader belief that the scripture is the most significant aspect

    • Anabaptists- really follow Luther ideals the fact that he was baptized as an adult, and belief in adult baptism

    • Henry VIII Church of England (Anglicanism)- for PERSONAL REASONS not spiritual

  • Other

    • Peasant Revolt- laity support new ideas

    • Baroque Art- dark, deep intense power- Bernini Ecstasy of St Therese

  • Counter/Catholic Reformation

    • Took like 3 decades for them to get their act together 

    • Council of Trent (1545-1563)- Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability.

    • Index of Banned Books- Catholic List of books that were banned to prevent and ensure books were morally correc

    • Inquisition- hunting down witches and heretics

    • Jesuits- intellectual counter to Luther- Ignatius of Loyola founded the Society of Jesus in 1534, emphasizing education, missionary work, and adherence to papal authority.