BIOL122 Case Studies and Pharmacology

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering key pharmacological concepts, drug mechanisms, biological processes, and pathological mechanisms relevant to the BIOL122 course.

What is the primary mechanism of Metformin?

Decreases hepatic glucose output; increases insulin sensitivity.

What type of insulin is Insulin glargine, and what is its mechanism?

It provides 24-hour basal insulin.

How is Aspirin metabolized in the body?

Hepatic metabolism to salicylic acid.

What is the primary mechanism of Atorvastatin?

Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase → lowers LDL.

What is the mechanism of Lisinopril?

ACE inhibitor → ↓ angiotensin II → ↓ BP.

What is a key characteristic of Metoprolol's absorption?

Well absorbed; first-pass metabolism.

What class of drug is Donepezil and what is its mechanism?

AChE inhibitor → ↑ acetylcholine → improved cognition.

What is the absorption percentage of Salbutamol that reaches the lungs?

10–20% reaches lungs; remainder swallowed.

What mechanism does Ipratropium utilize in treating respiratory conditions?

Antimuscarinic → ↓ bronchoconstriction + ↓ mucus.

What is the key mechanism of action for Prednisolone?

Reduces inflammation & immune response.

What mechanism of action does Tamoxifen exhibit?

SERM → anti-estrogen effect on breast tissue.

What is the absorption rate of Bisphosphonates?

Define pathogenesis in biology.

Sequence from cause → cellular change → clinical disease.

What is apoptosis?

Programmed cell death, non-inflammatory.

Describe the asthma mechanism involving Type I hypersensitivity.

IgE → mast cells → bronchoconstriction.

What does ST depression indicate in cardiovascular assessment?

Indicates myocardial ischemia.

What defines stable angina?

Predictable chest pain with exertion.

What is the definition of cancer's hallmark 'metastasis'?

The process of cancer spreading to distant sites.

What does the TNM classification stand for in oncology?

T: Tumor size/extent, N: Lymph node involvement, M: Metastasis.

What is the significance of a positive surgical margin?

Tumor cells at tissue edge → incomplete excision.

What is the mechanism for osteoporosis related to osteoclast activity?

↑ Osteoclast activity → ↓ bone density.