Sociology Study Guide_ Core Concepts and Methods

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20 Terms

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What is sociology?
The systematic and scientific study of human society and social interaction.
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What does the sociological perspective emphasize?
The importance of social context in shaping individual lives.
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What is culture shock?
The feeling of disorientation experienced when encountering a radically different culture.
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Who coined the term 'sociology'?
Auguste Comte.
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What is positivism?
A philosophical approach asserting that knowledge derives from sensory experience and empirical observation.
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What is structural functionalism?
A macro-level theoretical approach that views society as a complex system where each part plays a role in maintaining stability.
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What is mechanical solidarity?
Social cohesion based on shared beliefs and values, typical in traditional societies.
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What is organic solidarity?
Social cohesion based on interdependence and specialization of labor, found in modern societies.
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Define 'anomie.'
A state of normlessness where individuals lack clear guidance, leading to feelings of detachment.
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What is collective conscience?
The shared morals and beliefs that are common to a group, fostering social solidarity.
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What are manifest functions?
The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern or institution.
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What are latent functions?
The unrecognized and unintended consequences of a social pattern or institution.
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What is social conflict theory?
A macro-level perspective that views society as marked by inequality and conflict over scarce resources.
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What is alienation according to Marx?
The feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from one's work and community.
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What does the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis conjecture?
That language shapes our perceptions and understandings of the world.
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What is the definition of norms?
Socially accepted rules and expectations for behavior.
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What are folkways?
Loosely enforced norms connected to customs and etiquette.
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Define 'subculture.'
A group within a larger society that shares distinct values, norms, and behaviors.
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What is cultural relativism?
The principle of evaluating a culture on its own terms without imposing one’s own cultural standards.
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What does 'verstehen' refer to in sociology?
The interpretive understanding of the subjective meanings people attach to their actions.