AP Human Geography - Unit 2 Flashcards

Population Distribution

Where people live within a geographic area.

Uniform Pattern

A population distribution that is spread out evenly over an area.

Clustered Pattern

A population distribution that is grouped or clumped together around a central point.

Linear Pattern

A population distribution that appears to form long and narrow lines.

Dispersed Pattern

A population distribution that is spread out.

Random Pattern

A population distribution that is without apparent order or logic.

Climate

The long-term patterns of weather in an area.

Temperate Climates

Climates with moderate temperatures and adequate precipitation amounts.

Landforms

The natural features of Earth's surface.

Alluvial Soils

Soils created when the flow of rivers and streams slows, allowing particles of soil and other matter suspended in the water to settle.

Aquifers

Underground water sources.

Human Migration

When people make a permanent move from one place to another.

Population Density

The number of people occupying a unit of land.

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people per unit area of land.

Physiological Density

The total number of people per unit of arable land.

Arable Land

Land that can be used to grow crops.

Subsistence Agriculture

A type of farming where there are fewer mechanical resources available and farmers work the land with hand tools and animal power.

Agricultural Density

The total number of farmers per unit of arable land.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely.

Dependency Ratio

The number of people in a dependent age group (under age 15 or age 65 and older) divided by the number of people in the working-age group (ages 15 to 64), multiplied by 100.

Sex Ratio

The proportion of males to females in a population.

Fertility

The ability to produce children.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of births in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years.

Mortality

The number of deaths in a population.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths of a given population per year per 1,000 people.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1,000 live births.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live.

Population Pyramid

A graph that shows the age-sex distribution of a given population to indicate whether that population is growing rapidly, growing slowly, or in decline.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The difference between the crude birth rate (CBR) and the crude death rate (CDR) of a defined group of people.

Doubling Time

The number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate will double.

Urbanization

The growth and development of cities.

Overpopulation

A population that exceeds its sustainable size, or carrying capacity.

Malthus's Theory of Population Growth

A theory that the world's population would increase exponentially and outgrow its food supply, which would grow arithmetically.

Neo-Malthusian

Someone who believes that Earth's resources can only support a finite population.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model that shows the shifts in growth that the world's populations have undergone, and are still experiencing, over time.

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

A model that describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution, largely as the result of changes in causes of death.

Antinatalist Policies

Policies that discourage citizens from having children.

Pronatalist Policies

Policies that encourage births and aim to accelerate population growth.

Land Degradation

Long-term damage to the soil's ability to support life.

Mobility

All types of movement from one location to another, whether temporary or permanent or over short or long distances.

Circulation

Temporary, repetitive movements that recur on a regular basis.

Human Migration

The permanent movement of people from one place to another.

Emigration

Movement away from a location.

Immigration

Movement to a location.

Net Migration

The difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location.

Gravity Model

A model that geographers derived from Newton's law of universal gravitation to predict the interaction between two or more places.

Push Factor

A negative cause that compels someone to leave a location.

Pull Factor

A positive cause that attracts someone to a new location.

Voluntary Migration

When people make the choice to move to a new place.

Forced Migration

When people are compelled to move by economic, political, environmental, or cultural factors.

Transnational Migration

When immigrants to a new country retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties to their country of origin.

Internal Migration

Movement within a country's borders.

Friction of Distance

A concept that states that the longer a journey is, the more time, effort, and cost it will involve.

Transhumance

A form of migration practiced by nomads who move herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer and lower elevations during the winter.

Chain Migration

A type of migration in which people move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there.

Step Migration

A series of smaller moves to get to the ultimate destination.

Intervening Obstacle

An occurrence that holds migrants back.

Guest Worker

A migrant who travels to a new country as temporary labor.

Circular Migration

When migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and the destination country where they work.

Distance Decay

A principle stating that the farther away one thing is from another, the less interaction the two things will have.

Refugee

A person who is forced to leave their country for fear of persecution or death.

Asylum

The right to protection in a new country.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

A person who is forced to leave their home region but who has not crossed an international boundary.

Human Trafficking

The recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means.

Repatriate

To return to one's home country.

Interregional Migration

Movement from one region of the country to another.

Intraregional Migration

Movement within one region of the country.

Kinship Links

Networks of relatives and friends.

Skills Gap

A shortage of people trained in a particular industry.

Remittances

Money earned by an emigrant abroad and sent back to their home country.

Brain Drain

The loss of trained or educated people to the lure of work in another—often richer—country.

Relocation Diffusion

The spread of cultural traits through migration.

Four main population clusters

East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe.

Factors influencing population distribution

Physical/Environmental (climate, landforms, water access) and Human (economic, political, cultural, historical).

Stage 1 of DTM

High stationary: high birth rate, high death rate, stable population.

Stage 2 of DTM

Early expanding: high birth rate, rapidly declining death rate, rapid population growth.

Stage 3 of DTM

Late expanding: declining birth rate, slowly declining death rate, slowing population growth.

Stage 4 of DTM

Low stationary: low birth rate, low death rate, stable or slowly increasing population.

Stage 5 of DTM

Declining: very low birth rate, low death rate, slowly decreasing population.

Stage 1 of ETM

Pestilence and Famine: infectious and parasitic diseases, accidents, animal attacks.

Stage 2 of ETM

Receding Pandemics: improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine reduce the spread of infectious diseases.

Stage 3 of ETM

Degenerative and Human-Created Diseases: fewer deaths from infectious diseases, more from chronic diseases associated with aging (heart disease, cancer).

Stage 4 of ETM

Delayed Degenerative Diseases: medical advances extend life expectancy for those with degenerative diseases.

Stage 5 of ETM

Reemergence of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases: diseases become resistant to antibiotics and vaccines.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

A set of 11 generalizations about migration, including that most migration is over a short distance and occurs in steps.

Example of a push factor

War, famine, natural disaster, lack of jobs, political persecution.

Example of a pull factor

Job opportunities, political freedom, better climate, family.

Example of forced migration

The transatlantic slave trade, the Trail of Tears, refugees fleeing conflict.

Example of voluntary migration

Moving to a new city for a job, retiring to a warmer climate.

Example of an intervening obstacle

Lack of money, physical barrier (mountain, ocean), visa requirements.

The Great Migration

The movement of more than 6 million African Americans from the rural South to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West between 1916 and 1970.

Sun Belt

The southern and western regions of the United States that have experienced high population growth since the 1960s.

Rust Belt

A region of the northeastern and midwestern United States that has experienced industrial decline, deindustrialization, and population loss.

Impact of aging population

Increased dependency ratio, strain on healthcare and social security systems, shrinking workforce.

Impact of youthful population

High dependency ratio, need for more schools and jobs, potential for demographic dividend.

Pro-natalist country example

France, Japan, Russia.

Anti-natalist country example

China (One-Child Policy), India.

Country with a high arithmetic density

Netherlands, Bangladesh, Japan.

Country with a low arithmetic density

Canada, Australia, Russia.