Bsc1010 Final Exam Review

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering key biological concepts for exam preparation.

Mitotic Stages

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

Meiosis Replications and Divisions

1 replication and 2 divisions.

Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material during prophase I of meiosis that contributes to genetic variation.

Non-Somatic Cell Chromosomes

23 chromosomes.

Examples of Somatic Cells

Muscle cell, nerve cell, brain cell.

Polar Bodies

Small cells that arise during meiosis in egg cells and do not develop into ova.

Types of Asexual Reproduction

Binary fission (mitochondria), budding (Hydra), regeneration (sea stars), parthenogenesis (some reptiles).

Young from Parthenogenesis

All female and identical.

Homozygous Dominant Individual Representation

Two capital letters (e.g., XX).

Crossing Over Phase

Prophase I of meiosis.

Centromere

Region on which chromatids remain attached until anaphase.

Centriole

Cylinder structure made of short microtubules.

Locus

A physical location of a specific trait on a chromosome.

Homologous Pairs in Humans

22 pairs.

Sex Chromosomes in Humans

XX for females and XY for males.

Phenotype

Observed characteristics of an organism.

Genotype

An individual's combination of alleles for a particular gene.

Genetic Probability Tool

Test Cross.

Interphase in Cell Cycle

90% spent in interphase in mitosis.

Chromatin

Collective term for all DNA and its associated proteins in the nucleus.

Bacterial Chromosomes

1 chromosome.

Sister Chromatid Separation Phase in Mitosis

Anaphase.

Sister Chromatid Separation Phase in Meiosis

Anaphase II.

Second Step in Genetic Variation

Meiosis I and Metaphase I.

Cytoskeleton Structure of Centrioles

Microtubules.

Cytoskeleton Structure of Cleavage Furrow

Microfilaments.

Presence of Cleavage Furrows

Telophase.

Fraternal Twins Occurrence

Results from separate conceptions, can be male and female.

Zygote Definition

The fused egg and sperm that develop into a diploid individual.

Chromosomes in Human Zygote

46 chromosomes.

Diploid Number in Humans

46 (2n).

Monohybrid Traits of Sweet Pea Plant

Blossom color, height of plant, axial position, shape of pod.

Why Incomplete Dominance Is Not Blending

There is no blending, as shown by Mendel's experiments.

Use of Test Cross

To determine the phenotype.

Imaginary Line Across the Middle of a Cell

Equator.

Name in Metaphase

Metaphase plate.

Glycolysis Occurrence

In all organisms.

Recessive Genetic Diseases Examples

Sickle Cell Anemia, Cystic Fibrosis.

Carrier Definition

A person who has inherited a recessive allele without showing symptoms.

Dominant Genetic Disease Example

Huntington's disease.

Hemizygous Definition

Having one set of alleles instead of two.

Apoptosis Definition

Programmed cell death.

Gamete Definition

Reproductive cells.

Interphase in Mitosis

Mitochondria increase, ribosomes increase, the cell increases.

Mitotic Spindle Structure

Constructed by microtubules.

Nucleolus Disappearance Phase

Prophase.

Nucleolus Reappearance Phase

Telophase.

Structure Formed During Crossing Over

Tetrads.

Meiosis II Result

Haploid cells.

Turner's Syndrome

Found in females missing an X chromosome.

True Breeder Definition

Parents passing down specific phenotypic traits.

Phenotype Term Definition

Observed characteristics of an organism.

Genotype Term Definition

Individual combination of alleles.

Incomplete Dominance in Punnett Square

Does not involve blending.

More Affected by X-Linked Conditions

Males have a Y chromosome that cannot mask the X-linked recessive allele.

Linked Genes Inheritance Reason

Located near each other on the same chromosome.

DNA Representation

Deoxyribonucleic acid, molecule of life.

Replication Causes

Errors in DNA replication can occur, maintaining genome integrity.

Autosomes Definition

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

Fraternal Twins Appearance Variation Reason

Originating from separate conceptions can result in male or female.

Monohybrid Cross Definition

Mating between organisms with different variations at one genetic loci.

Dihybrid Cross Definition

Cross between two different genes affecting two observed traits.

Father of Genetics

Gregor Mendel.

Apoptosis Locations in Body

Fingers and toes.

Bacteria Apoptosis

Yes, they exhibit apoptosis.

Somatic Chromosomes Count

112 sister chromatids if 56 non-somatic chromosomes exist.

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells Difference

Eukaryotic cells have nuclei; prokaryotic cells do not.

Heterozygous Condition Expression

Recessive gene is never expressed because the dominant allele overshadows its effect.

Biology Definition

The scientific study of life.

Five Characteristics of Life

Organization, Energy, Internal constancy (homeostasis), Reproduction (growth and development), Evolution.

Basic Unit of Life

Cells.

Types of Reproduction

Asexual and Sexual reproduction.

Homeostasis Definition

Maintaining internal equilibrium.

Classification of Living Organisms

Based on shared characteristics and DNA through taxonomy.

Autotrophs Definition

Organisms that make their own food.

Heterotrophs Definition

Organisms that obtain energy by eating others.

Evolution Definition

Genetic change over time in a population.

Main Domains of Life

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.

Population Definition

A group of the same species living in a specific area at a specific time.

Control Group Purpose

Serves as a baseline for comparison.

Element Definition

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

Atom Definition

Smallest unit of an element retaining its properties.

Molecule Definition

A group of atoms bonded together.

Covalent Bond Definition

A bond formed by shared electrons.

Ionic Bond Definition

A bond formed through the transfer of electrons.

Hydronium Ion Definition

A water molecule gaining a proton and carrying a positive charge.

Hydrogen Bond Definition

A weak bond between polar molecules.

Hydrophilic Definition

Substances that interact well with water.

Hydrophobic Definition

Substances that do not mix well with water.

pH Scale Definition

Measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

Buffer Definition

Resistant to changes in pH when acid or base is added.

Carbohydrate Definition

A major energy source composed of sugars.

Proteins Definition

Molecules composed of amino acids serving various functions.

Nucleic Acids Definition

DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information.

Lipids Definition

Hydrophobic molecules crucial for energy storage.

Dehydration Synthesis Definition

Joining monomers while releasing a water molecule.

Hydrolysis Definition

Breaking down polymers by adding water.

Monomer Definition

A single unit that forms polymers.

Polymer Definition

A large molecule made of repeating subunits.

Isotope Definition

Forms of an element differing in neutrons.