Chapter 14 Q&A and Fill-ins

What are the 2 right coronary artery branches?

Posterior descending artery & marginal artery

What are the 2 Left coronary artery branches?

Circumflex artery & LAD artery

Which arterial layer is tough, fibrous connective tissue that keeps the vessels open?

tunica adventitia

Which arterial layer is smooth muscle that dilates and constricts to maintain blood pressure?

tunica media

Which arterial layer is a single-cell layer of endothelial cells?

tunica intima

Name the 3 layers of an artery, superficial to deep

Tunica adventitia, Tunica media, Tunica intima

What are 4 non-cardiac causes of chest pain?

inflammation of costal cartilage & lungs, gastric or esophageal irritation, gallbladder pain, & dental pain

What are 2 of the cardiac symptoms?

agnina & ischemia

An unstable agina is a warning sign that a condition has _____

worsened

Why should all chest pain initially be treated as cardiac in origin?

to protect patients from untreated MI or other serious cardiac conditions

__% of women having a heart attack never experience chest pain

37

Diabetics are ____ as likely to have a heart attack or stroke

twice

High blood glucose levels lead to damage of what? It also leads to what accumulation?

blood vessels; atherosclerotic plaque

__% of elderly patients have atypical cardiac symptoms

50

What 3 groups of patients often present with atypical cardiac symptoms?

Women, diabetics & elderly

__-__% of patients present with STEMI

75-80

With STEMI there is complete _____ _____ _____ and ischemia delays _____

coronary artery occlusion; repolarization

What are the 3 ECG changes with STEMI?

ST segment depression or elevation, T wave inverted, & pathologic Q wave

__-__% of patients present with NSTEMI

20-25

NSTEMI occurs due to incomplete _____ _____ _____

coronary artery occlusion

Which type of myocardial infarction is often referred to as the 'silent' MI?

NSTEMI

What is the most common cause of heart failure?

MI

When body tissues don't receive enough oxygen due to heart failure, they're in _____ shock that also affects what 2 other organs?

cardiogenic; kidneys & liver

Left ventricular failure often causes what?

pulmonary edema

What are the 3 most common causes of left ventricular failure?

STEMI, hypertension, & cardiac dysrhythmias (A fib)

Left heart failure always leads to _____ heart failure

right

What are the 4 most common causes of right ventricular failure?

left-sided heart failure, CAD, chronic lung disease, & extensive right ventricular infarction

Which type of heart failure often results in pulmonary edema?

Left ventricular heart failure

What does OPQRST stand for?

Onset, provoke, quality, radiation, severity, & time

What does SAMPLE stand for?

Signs/symptoms, allergies, medications, previous history, last intake, events

What are the 2 common memory devices used in the assessment of the cardiac patient?

OPQRST & SAMPLE

Thrombolytic & fibrinolytic agents both work by breaking down _____ in blood clots

fibrin

What are the 2 other names for angioplasty?

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) & Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PCTA)

Angioplasties should be performed quickly within __ minutes or arrival but no longer than __ hours after MI

90-12

Stents help prevent _____

restenosis

CABG is performed to reestablish blood flow to what 2 main areas?

internal mammary artery & greater saphenous vein

What device is implanted in the chest that helps pump blood throughout the body?

left ventricular assist device

Left ventricular assist device is used for what 2 cases?

severe heart failure & people awaiting a heart transplant

Coumadin is used to treat what 2 things?

dysrhythmias or hypercoagulation

Coumadin decreases what 2 things?

vitamin K activity & clot formation

What item is used to help prevent restenosis after angioplasty has been used to open a coronary blood vessel?

A stent, with or without medication that helps prevent restenosis