AP Geo Q2 study

may not be fully accurate AI made these

1st Agricultural Revolution:

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals (approx. 10,000 years ago).

2nd Agricultural Revolution:

Occurred alongside the Industrial Revolution; improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage.

3rd Agricultural Revolution

(Green Revolution): Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially high-yield seeds and fertilizers in the 1970s-80s.

Subsistence vs. Commercial:

Subsistence is for the farmer’s family; Commercial is primarily for sale off the farm.

Intensive vs. Extensive:

Intensive uses a lot of labor/capital on small land; Extensive uses small labor/capital on large land.

Shifting Cultivation:

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; characterized by Slash-and-Burn.

Transhumance:

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

Von Thünen Model:

Explains agricultural land use based on transport costs. Rings: 1) Dairy/Market Gardening, 2) Forests, 3) Grains, 4) Livestock.

Sustainable Agriculture:

Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution (e.g., Organic Farming).

State:

An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with sovereignty.

Sovereignty:

Independence from control of its internal affairs by other states.

Microstate:

A state that encompasses a very small land area (Smallest: Vatican City).

United Nations (UN):

The world's most important supranational organization, created at the end of WWII to promote international cooperation.

Nation-State:

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity (e.g., Denmark, Japan).

Multinational State:

A state that contains more than one ethnicity with traditions of self-determination (e.g., Russia).

Gerrymandering:

The process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

Supranationalism:

The association of three or more states for mutual benefit (e.g., EU, UN, NATO).

Devolution:

The transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states or local levels.

Universalizing Religion:

Attempts to be global and appeal to all people (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism).

Ethnic Religion:

Appeals primarily to one group of people living in one place (Hinduism, Judaism).

Hierarchical Religion:

A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control (e.g., Roman Catholicism).

5 Pillars of Islam:

1) Shahadah (Faith), 2) Salat (Prayer), 3) Zakat (Charity), 4) Sawm (Fasting), 5) Hajj (Pilgrimage to Makkah).

Branches of Islam:

Sunni (approx. 83-90%) and Shiite (approx. 10-15%, concentrated in Iran).

4 Noble Truths:

The foundational beliefs of Buddhism regarding suffering and the path to enlightenment.

Caste System:

The class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law.

Syncretic Religion:

A religion that combines several traditions (e.g., Chinese traditional religions).

Official Language:

The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.

Literary Tradition:

A system of written communication.

White Flight:

The rapid fleeing of white residents from inner cities to suburbs in anticipation of black families moving in.

Blockbusting:

A real estate process where agents convinced white homeowners to sell their houses at low prices by playing on fears that black families would move in, then selling the houses at high prices to black families.

Segregation Cases:

• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): Established "separate but equal" doctrine.

• Brown v. Board of Ed (1954): Ruled that "separate but equal" was unconstitutional.

• Apartheid: The legal separation of races into different geographic areas in South Africa (ended in 1994).

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896):

Established "separate but equal" doctrine.

Brown v. Board of Ed (1954):

Ruled that "separate but equal" was unconstitutional.

Apartheid:

The legal separation of races into different geographic areas in South Africa (ended in 1994).

Centripetal Force:

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state (e.g., Nationalism).

Ethnicity:

Identity with a group sharing distinct cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth (e.g., language, religion).

Race:

Identity with a group perceived to share a physiological trait, such as skin color.

Nationality:

Identity with a group sharing legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country (citizenship).

Ethnic Enclaves:

A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area (e.g., Little Italy).

India Bride Dowries:

A cultural conflict where the groom's family demands gifts from the bride's family; failure to pay can lead to "dowry deaths".

Environmental Impacts of Pop Culture:

1) Pollution (high waste) and 2) Depletion of natural resources (e.g., water for golf courses).

Uniform Landscape:

The spatial expression of a popular custom in one location being similar to another (e.g., fast food chains looking identical worldwide).

Diffusion Tool:

Pop culture diffuses rapidly primarily through Electronic Media (TV, Internet, Social Media).

Most Important Media Format:

Television remains the most important format for the global diffusion of popular culture.

Effect on Folk Culture:

Electronic media threatens folk culture by promoting uniform landscapes and "cultural imperialism," where MDC values overwhelm local traditions.

LDC vs. MDC Media Control:

MDCs (specifically the US, UK, and Japan) dominate the global media market, which LDCs often view as a threat to their cultural independence.

Social Media & Government:

Used to organize protests and spread information during the "Arab Spring" in Egypt, Libya, and SW Asia, challenging autocratic regimes.

Pop Culture Distribution:

Widely distributed across many countries with little regard for physical features; primarily influenced by the ability of people to access the material.

Folk vs. Pop Songs:

Folk songs tell stories about daily life or life-cycle events (birth, death); Pop songs are written by individuals for the purpose of being sold to a large audience.

Role of Sports:

Many sports originated as folk customs (e.g., soccer in 11th-century England) and transitioned to pop culture through global commercialization and hierarchical diffusion.

Three Material Necessities:

Clothing, Food, and Shelter.

Role of Jeans in Pop Culture:

An iconic symbol of the diffusion of Western popular culture, representing status and youthful independence.

Taboo:

A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom (e.g., food taboos).

Hebrew Taboo:

No pork or shellfish (Kosher laws).

Muslim Taboo:

No pork (Halal laws).

Hindu Taboo:

No beef (cows are sacred).

Folk Culture:

Traditionally practiced by small, homogeneous groups living in relative isolation.

Pop Culture:

Found in large, heterogeneous societies that share certain habits despite personal differences.

Habit vs. Custom:

A habit is a repetitive act of an individual (e.g., wearing jeans daily); a custom is a repetitive act of a group (e.g., students wearing jeans to school).

Origins of Culture:

Folk culture often has anonymous hearths and multiple origins; Pop culture usually originates in MDCs (e.g., North America, Europe) from a traceable person or corporation.

Types of Diffusion:

• Folk: Primarily Relocation Diffusion (slow, small-scale movement of people).

• Pop: Primarily Hierarchical Diffusion (rapid, large-scale spread via modern communication).

Folk culture:

Primarily Relocation Diffusion (slow, small-scale movement of people).

Pop culture:

Primarily Hierarchical Diffusion (rapid, large-scale spread via modern communication).

Language Hierarchy:

Family (Trunk) to Branch (Large branches) to Group (Twigs)

Logograms:

Symbols that represent words rather than sounds (e.g., Chinese characters).

Romance Languages:

Evolved from Latin; includes Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Italian.

English Origins:

Created by the invasion of Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons, Jutes) and later the Normans (French influence).

Dialect:

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

Lingua Franca:

A language of international communication (e.g., English).

Pidgin Language:

A simplified form of a language with no native speakers, used for communication between different groups.

Creole Language:

A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.

World's Largest Language Family:

Indo-European.

English:

Indo-European (Family), Germanic (Branch), West Germanic (Group).