Unit 2 - Bio Midterms

Atoms

Smallest units of matter

Subatomic Particles

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

Protons

Positive charge

Electrons

Negative charge

Neutrons

No charge

CHNOPS

Major elements found in all living things

C

Carbon

H

Hydrogen

N

Nitrogen

O

Oxygen

P

Phosphorus

S

Sulfur

C,H,N,O make up?

95% of all living things

Molecule

Smallest unit of that substance that still has the properties of that substance

Chemical Bonds

Atoms come together to gain/lose/share electrons to fill their outermost electron shell, and the chemical bonds is the atoms joining to form a molecule

Ions

Positive ions are atoms with a positive charge because they have lost the electrons and negative ions are atoms with a negative charge because they have gained electrons

Ionic Bond

When atoms transfer an electron to another atom and then attract each other

Covalent Bond

2 or more atoms share electrons to fill outermost electron shell, and electrons are not always shared evenly

Polar Covalent Bonds

When the electrons have unequal sharing. One side of the molecule has a slight positive charge and the other has a slight negative charge

Water

water has a polar covalent bond seeing as O side is negative and H side is positive

Types of Bonds

Polar & Non Polar- How evenly atoms share electrons

Single Bonds & Double Bonds: How many pairs of electrons

Non Polar Covalent Bonds

When the electrons have equal sharings. Non polar and polar cannot mix.

Adhesion

Water molecules stick to other molecules and surfaces

Cohesion

Water molecules stick to each other

Hydrogen Bonds

Polar molecules form weak bonds between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in the molecule and a slightly negative atom in another polar molecule

Ionization

The process by which nonionic compound is converted to ions and is in some natural reactions. This is a process that pH in living organisms and water can undergo

pH Scale

A scale to represent the pH of a molecule. It ranges from 0-14 in numbers. Levels 0-7 represent more acid levels, and they have more H+ ions. Level 7 is neutral, holding the same concentration of OH and H+. And 7-14 represents more basic levels and it has more OH ions

If the PH changes to much

the chemical breaks down

Buffers

They help to prevent shudder changes in pH. They work until an acid or base overwhelms the buffer. Buffers on living organisms help those organisms maintain homeostasis. It works to keep the pH at a more neutral level.

Organic Molecules

They have a carbon backbone, and they come from living things or pertains to something living

Monomer

Basic unit or building block and the can become polymers in the process of polymerization

Polymer

A substance that has many monomers bonded together

Macromolecules

large, essential biological molecules vital for life, primarily consisting of four groups

Polymerization

The process of monomers joining together to form into polymers

Carbohydrates

Made of C,H,O, and it provides “quick energy”. The monomers of carbohydrates are simple carbs.

Monosaccharides

Simple carbohydrates and are simple sugars like glucose and fructose

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates made of long chains of simple sugar units (monosaccharides) linked together, and this is glucose, starch, and cellulose

Lipids

Made of C,H,O and they make up cell membranes, are waterproofing, and hold long term energy storage

Fatty Acids

the fundamental building blocks of fats, consisting of long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms

Glycerol

the fundamental building blocks of fats , forming triglycerides, the body's main energy storage

Saturated Fats

Fat molecules that have single bonds between all of their carbon atoms

Unsaturated Fats

fat ,molecules that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms

Nucleic Acids

Made of C, H, N, O, P, S and stores and transmits genetic information. It has 2 types which are DNA and RNA.

Nucleotides

The building blocks of nucleic acids and they are made of a 5 carbon sugar also known as deoxyribose, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base

Proteins

Made of C, H, N, O ( some have S). They have so many functions, control the rate of reactions, cells processes, used to form bone and muscle, move substances in and out of cell, give our eyes color

Amino Acids

They are the building blocks of proteins and 2 of them attach

Peptide Bonds

The thing used to attach 2 amino acids together

Polypeptides

A long chain of amino acids

Structures Use

The number, type, and sequence of the amino acid determines what the protein is and its functions

Primary Structure

Sequence of amino acids

Secondary structure

Folding and twisting

Tertiary Structure

Secondary structure folds more and it determines the function

Quaternary Structure

2 or more tertiary structures combined