GEO 200 Exam 2

What is the current world population

8 billion

What region of the world has the highest population

Asia

What region of the world has the fastest growing populatioin

Africa

Total Fertility Rate

Average number of children a person will have in their lifetime

Ways to lower TFR

Birth control, improving social and economic status of women, economic development

Rate of Natural Increase

Births-deaths, indicates the speed at which a population grows or declines

Demographic Transition Model

Illustrates decrease in birth and death rates of a population as economy develops

Thomas Malthus

Wrote an Essay on the Principle of Population, argued that population growth will outpace food supply

Critiques of Malthus

Humans access to resources is always changing with innovation

More about overconsumption than overpopulation

Subsistence Agriculture

System in which the farmer consumes most of what they produce

Shifting cultivation

rotating fields

Crop rotation

rotating the type of crop

Polycropping

Diversifying many crops, helps to provide various food options if one crop gets destroyed

Pastoral Nomadism

Moving livestock based on seasonal weather changes, emerges where farming is not possible

Age population pyramids

Snapshot of age and gender of a country

What does an age population pyramid with a wide base and narrow top indicate

rapidly growing population

What does an age population pyramid with a narrow base and wider top indicate

declining population

When do agricultural revolutions occur

when something happens that drastically increases yield

First agricultural revolution social significance

Control of the seed, sedentary lives

Second agricultural revolution social significance

knowledge of fertilizers, able to plow more fields, coincides with the Industrial Revolution, created commercial market for food

Green Revolution

modern, industrial agriculture we have today

Outcomes of the Green Revolution

Hybrid seeds, massive irrigation projects, mechanized everything, monocropping, synthetic fertilizers and pesticides

Yield

measure of how much food you can grow per unit of land

GMOs

Any organism that has its DNA modified in a lab rather than other forms of evolution

Unintended consequences of GMOs

Crisper (modify children’s genetics before their born), ownership of genetic sequences

Sustainable food

organic, local, fair trade

Issues with sustainable food

Socioeconomic barrier, expensive

Julian Simon

Economist, argued human innovation would overcome resource limitation

Paul and Anne Ehrlich

biologists, agreed with Malthus that too many humans was the cause of resource depletion

Simon/Ehrlich Debate

Simon bet that the price of 5 metals would decrease over a decade, Ehrlich bet that the price would increase due to population growth (Simon won)

What places are experiencing that highest transition to urbanization today

Sub-Saharain Africa, Nigeria

Predominant forms of urban sprawl (MDC)

low density, inefficient use of space, auto-dependent, rigid communities

Predominant forms of urban sprawl (LDC)

high density, no infrastructure, poor water access, high disease rates

How did Curitiba, Brazil get the name of the most sustainable city in the world

prioritize pedestrians, dedicated bus lane, interconnected parks, multi-use everything

Smart Growth Cities

Everything should have multiple uses/mutli-use zoning

The Life and Death of Great American Cities

written by Jane Jacobs, argued that US cities were destroyed by single-use zoning

CAFO

densely packed meat factories

Consequences of CAFO

Introduces E. Coli into our food system, pollutes nearby waterways, major source of methane emissions

Monocropping

Mass producing one crop

Sustainable cities

Diversity in transportation options

What type of economy do we utilize today

high waste, high consumption economy

Circular economy

take the waste we produce and put it back into the economy

Hidden Costs

the costs stemming from the harm done to the environment and to human health as a result of the production, use and disposal of products

Truth-in-pricing

charging more for a product that had less negative social or environmental impacts

Life Cycle Assessment

Analyzes environmental and social impact of a product from life to death

E-Waste

Discarded devices/electronics

Municipal Solid Waste

Everyday discarded items

Leachate

toxic water pollutant that is formed by the interaction of water and waste

Basel Convention

Global treaty adopted to reduce the movement of hazardous waste, and prevent the dumping of waste from developed to developing nations

Superfund site

Old, abandoned sites that the EPA has marked toxic

National Priority list

areas that are significantly dangerous to human health

Toxic Release Inventory

EPA program tracking the release of toxins from active sites

Environmental justice

Minorities in poor communities are disproportionately burdened with toxic hazards

Warren County, NC

residents of a predominantly Black and low income community protested the states decision to dump PCB-contaminated soil from a richer community into a local landfill

What is proven to be the most significant factor in predicting where hazardous waste facilities are located

race