Immunology Exam 1

() is the state of protection against foreign pathogens or substances

immunity

latin term immunis means ()

exempt

observations of immunity go back over () years

2000

() is a substance that the immune system responds to

immunogen

what is the name for a weakened virus

attenuated

() prepares the immune system to eradicate an infectious agent before it causes disease

vaccination

who invented the rabies vaccine

pasteur

who invented the smallpox vaccine

jenner

who invented the polio vaccine

salk

after how many months is a baby’s immune system fully functional

6

what are the 2 parts of the adaptive immune system

humoral and cell mediated

() immunity combats pathogens via antibodies

humoral

antibodies are produced by () cells

b

antibodies can be transferred btwn individuals to provide () immunity

passive

() immunity involves primarily T lymphocytes

cell mediated

what was the name for the dog sled owner of togo

leonhard seppala

what was the name of the dog sled owner of balto

gunnar kaasen

slective theory was developed by

paul ehrlich

() theory is that there are many different receptors used on a cell and once it is bound then it increases expression

selective

() selection is only one receptor type is expressed and once it binds to an antigen then it will proliferated

clonal

humoral and cell mediated immunity relies on ()

surface receptors

how are surface receptors generated

gene segment rearrangement

b cells that encounter antigen produce the antibody specificty of their cell membrane ()

immunoglobulin

() receptors bind specific peptides presented by MHC molecules

t cell

() t cells are used for directing and communication to interact and reach other cells

helper

() t cells are used to recognize antigens that are presented

cytotoxic

what are the four major categories that pathogens fall into

virus, bacteria, fungi, parasites

immune responses rely on () molecules

recognition

what are PRRs

pattern recognition receptors

what do PRRs bind to

PAMPs

what is a PAMP

pathogen associated molecular pattern

PAMPS are (general/specific)

general

example of a PAMP

peptidoglycan

what are the two immune responses that reply on recognition molecules

germ-line encoded, randomly generated

examples of randomly generated recognition molecules

B and T cell receptors

randomly generated receptors bind to () antigens

specific

ind B and T cells each have a individual specificty for a () antigen

single

when a b or t cell interacts with its specific antigen it is selected and becomes ()

activated

activation results in () which produces a large number of clones

proliferation

() ensures that the immune system avoids destroying the host

tolerance

many of the random rearrangements used to create b and t cell receptors could be ()

anti self

tolerance allows for antiself recognition molecules from () in the bloodstream

circulating

() dont produce protein or recognizes self

nonproductive arrangement

() immunity is general and nonspecific

innate

() immunity is engineered and specific

adaptive

innate immunity uses () encoded recognition molecules and () cells

germ line, phagocytic

what is the most common WBC

neutrophils

innate immunity is () but ()

fast, nonsepcific

adaptive immunity is () to develop

slower

how many days until adaptive immunity initally enacts

7-10

adaptive immunity uses () generated antigen receptors

randomly

adaptive immunity is highly () to indiv antigen molecules

specific

innate and adaptive immunity work ()

cooperatively

activation of innate immune responses produces () molecules

signal

3 examples of signal molecules

cytokines,chemokines,lymphokines

signal molecules () and () adaptive immune responses

stimulate, direct

signal molecules are a () feedback model

negative

T of F antigens always activate immune response

F

() is the hallmark of adaptive immunity

memory

() response is initiated upon first exposure to an antigen

primary

what is left behind after antigens are cleared from the primary response

memory lymphocytes

a () response is initiated upon second exposure to the same antigen that stimulates memory lymphocytes

secondary

is primary or secondary response faster, more significant, and better response

secondary

memory (is/isnt) present in innate immunity

isnt

what are the two dysfunctions of immunity

overly active, immunodeficiency

what are 2 examples of overly active immunity

anaphylaxis, autoimmune disease

what are two types of immunodeficiency

primary, secondary

primary immunodeficiency is ()

genetic

secondary immunodeficiency is ()

acquired

when do we want to avoid an immune response

transplanted tissue

() have the ability to differentiate into many types of blood cells

Hematopoietic stem cells

all red and white blood cells develop from a () HSC during hematopoiesis

pluripotent

() is a highly regulated process

hematopoiesis

where does hematopoiesis occur

bone marrow

what are the 2 progenitor cells that HSC are made of

myeloid and lymphoid

what are the 3 main types o fcells that develop from common myeloid progenitors

RBC, megakaryocytes, monocytes

what WBC does direct harm to pathogens

neutrophils

what is the only wbc that has phagotic function

neutrophils

what wbc has antiviral activity, antiparasite activity

eosinophils

basophils/mast cells release () which causes inflammation and allergies

histamine

MHC I has a () response

cytotoxic

MHC II has a () response and releases ()

humoral, antibodies

macrophages and neutrophils are specialized for ()

phagocytosis

macrophages can present antigens to () via MHC molecules

t cells

immature dendritic cells capture antigens, then () and () out of that location to present the antigen to t cells

mature, migrate

what activates naive t cells

dendritic cells

what are the three type of cells from common lymphoid progenitor

B lympohocytes, T lympocytes, NK cells

() cells can recognize lipids glycolipids presented by CD1 and not MHC

NKT

natural killer cells kill anything that don’t present ()

MHC I

what does CD stand for

cluster differentiation

b cells s express the () receptor

b cell

t cells express the () receptor

t cell

antibodies recognize ()

epitopes

MHC I finds () the cell

inside

MHC II finds () the cell

outside

APC presents pathogen ()

peptide

during embryogensis hematopoiesis begins in the ()

yolk sac

fetal HSCs arise near the ()

kidney

() capable of populating the hematopoietic system can be isolated from yolk sac, placenta, and fetal liver

mature hsc