APUSH - CH 24 - CIVIL RIGHTS/SUBURBIA/KENNEDY V. NIXON

Nixon/Khrushchev ‘kitchen debate’ (intro)

• capitlaism vs. communism

• displayed mass enjoyment of american freedoms in an urban setting

• showed power of american pop culture

“golden age” of capitalism

PPL take advantage of GI Bill, low interest loans

consumerism, tv, tv dinners

White and Blue Collar Workers

White collar workers (clergical) began to outnumber manual laborers (blue collar)

Suburbia

enormous demand for housing, tv sets, home appliances & cars

housing doubles in suburbs - widespread home ownership

Levittown

• 200 acres of potato fields- suburban developments near NYC

• 10,000 cookie cutter assembled houses (lego sets) - 40k ppl

Centerless Western Cities

clusters of family honest business - connected by highways

• Houston, Pheonix, LA -1/3 of SoCal = roads & parking lots - expensive freeways

Consumerism

freedom = the ability to gratify market desires → more goods and services = more freedom , low interest rates & credit cards encouraged Americans to borrow money

Television/Family & The Cold War

TV allowed middle class images & consumer goods ads → across the country

main media & leisure activity - prompted TV dinners → all Americans = same cultural experience

image of classic american family in TV media - the goldbergs - often in suburban enviorments

businesses sponsored TV programs

Shelley v. Kramer (48’)

Shelley v. Kramer (48'): Supreme Court case ruling that racially restrictive housing covenants are unenforceable. Upheld the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. Led to increased awareness of housing discrimination.

McGhee v. Sipes (48’)

McGhee v. Sipes (48’): Supreme Court case that established "foreseeability" as a key factor in determining negligence. Plaintiff must prove that harm was reasonably foreseeable by the defendant.

Housing Act (48’)

800,000 units of public housing → in segregated areas

reinforced idea that POC = poverty & rely on public housing

“Urban Renewal”

cities demolished poor neighborhoods w. valuable real estate

retail centers, white housing complexes,m & urban public universities

Billy Graham

• evangelical protestants - used radio to spread anti-communist rhetoric

• judeo-christian heritage all against atheist communism

Protestant-Catholic-Jew (1955)

religion = personal identity, group assimilation & traditional morality

democratic values & economic prospertity

Captialism & Freedom, Freidman

Freidman - 1962 - free market is the foundation for individual liberty

liberterianism = unregulated captialism, limited government, personal autonomy

New Conservatives

toleration of difference = no substitute for absolute truth

freedom is a moral condition - govt should regulate virtuous behavior

Ideas Have Consequences (1948)

weaver - 1948

west-decay - must return to civilization based on christian tradition

Russel Kirk - “the Conservative Mind” (1953)

tradition, community, its either right or wrong, cannot deviate from conformity of society

Eisenhower - Ike & Nixon

fatherly, warm vibe, NATO supreme commander, won republican nomination

Nixon - his running mate - huge anti-communist - HUAC member, known for dishonesty

Checkers Speech

Nixon rescues political career - denies CA hedge fund, advocates for how he’s an ordinary man w/ war service - extensive TV use

IKE won in 52’

• Able to win southern d-crats over

Modern Republicanism

meant to to sever rep party from hoover’s dishonorable legacy

fortified social security, new deal policies, mixed economy

Sputnik/Nat. Defense Education Act

• SU beats US in the space race

• US response is Nat. Defense Education Act - fed $ → higher education

“social contract”

union cooperation, long term agreements w/ management - raise wages & stop strikes

mended relationship between unions and employees - wouldn’t dismantle unions

allowed trade unions to win wage increases

Hydrogen Bomb (52’), Massive Retaliation, Brinskmanship, Mutually Assured Destruction/”Duck & Cover”

US & SU develop hydrogen bombs - more powerful than atomic

“Massive Retaliation” - SU attack on US ally = US nuclear attack on SU

rlly = Brinksmanship - or mutually assured destruction (MAD)

Widespread fear of all-out nuclear warefare - atmosphere of fear - kids taught to “duck & cover”

Khrushchev (SU) meets with Ike in Switzerland (55’)

called for peaceful coexistence

Hungarian Uprising/Roll-Back

SU puts down a hungarian upsing - US does nothing, IKE believes SU influence in E. Euro cannot be “rolled back”

U-2 Spy Plane

SU shot down a US spy plane flying over SU, led to another summit meeting

Third World/Decolonization

intense rivalry - Europe - communist East vs. Capitalist West

developing countries who dont identify w/ ideas of US or SU

Independent India & Pakistan, Ghana, Indonesia, Kenya, Nigeria

Nehru, Nkrumah, Minh

SU = for the decolonization of

Nehru (India) , Nkruhmah (Ghana), & Ho Chi Minh wants a US protectorate over Vietnamn - suffering communist control - so they can gain independence

Guzman & Mossadegh

Guzman (Gutamela) & Mossadegh (Iran) = nationalists

dont want foreign influence on their economies

US saw them as a communist threat, CIA tries to oust both their governments

Suez Crisis (56’)

Israel, GB, and FR secretly invade Egypt, IKE forced them to stop, US starts to deominate Middle-East oil fields

Eisenhower Doctrine

US will defend middleeastern from communism & arab nationalism

5000 US troops → Lebanon

First IndoChina War

Ho Chi MInh (leader of North Vietnam) w/ Communism - “National Liberation Front”

Diem (leader of South Vietnam) w/ Democracy - anti-communist

groundwork for vietnam war

Shah of Iran

gives US and GB 40% of National oil revenues → tyrannical ruler

Morgenthau

Political scientist who developed the concept of political realism. Believed that politics is driven by power and national interest. Emphasized the importance of balance of power and the role of state sovereignty in international relations.

C. Wright Mills

sociologist- belived in the “power elite” that dominated US govt and society

Affluent Society (Gailbraith-1958)

pointed out the US’s lack of investment in public facilities, believed the US was wasting womenpower on other things, should have been using their brain power in the stem field!

Salinger - Catcher in the Rye, Blackboard Jungle, Rebel without a Cause

• highlighted teens alienation from the adult world

• creates panic about “juvenile deliquency”

• crime & violence in comics & TV = examined

Elvis Presley/Playboy Magazine

• sexually provocative lyricism and themes become popular in American media, teen rock and roll

The Beats

embraced impulsive action, drug pleasure, and sexual experimentation, insisted that we go against American repression

On the Road (51’ - Kerouac)

sights, sounds, images of wandering US landscape, bible of young rejects of middle class culture

Howl (55’ - Ginsberg)

protest against materialism & conformism - “obscene work”

Reisman - The Lonely Crowd

we’re all sheep - bah

Whyte - “The Organization Man” (56’)

American conformity

An American Dilemma (Myradal - 1944)

• said racial inequality would be challenged in the North

Jim Crow/Segregation

• in all public facilities in the South, POC in North cannot go to casinos and colleges

• in the south - school is segregated

Mendez v. Westminster (1946)

United latin american citizens

SCOTUS orders desegregation of orange county → CA schools = desegregated

Signed by Earl Warren

Earl Warren/Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas (1956)/Warren Court

• Warren chief justice on SCOTUS

• Helped outlaw segregation w/ the Brown Decision

  • Brown decision = very similar to Muller v. Oregon

  • Both examine impact of legislation on humans

• Created the Warren Court for Social Change - only dealt with segregation in schools (53-69)

Thurgood Marshall

leadership attorney for NAACP

Missouri student - basebent school - basis of the Brown Decision

Emmet Till/Rosa Parks & Montgomery Bus Boycott

• Till 14yr old visitng fam in Misori - whistles at a white woman - tourtored and killed by two white men - who get off free - open casket funeral - POC all over south show up - US sees the damage being doing to POC youth of America

Parks inspires a 381 day long Montgomery Bus Boycott after refusing to give up her seat - Parks & Robinson - action to create change - chosen by Civil Rights Movement & NAACP

MLK/Congress of Racial Equality

becomes a symbol for the civil rights movement - a preacher

• CORE created to inspire non-violent protests & civil disobience - fighting with Christian love

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

• black ministers & civil rights ppl - to desegregate - 57’ - third civil rights organization- POC wanted 14th ammendment rights

“Massive Resistance”/Southern Manifesto/Confederate Flags

• mass resistance in the south paralyzed civil rights movements

• 82/10 S. Congressmen sign Southern Manifesto

  • to justify segregation (pushback)

• Confed Flags = symbol of southern defiance against desegregation

Autherine Lucy

US failed to save her from a angry mob at University of Alabama

Orval Faubus/Little Rock Central High - arkansas

• Faubus brings state militia to prevent integreation (fed order) of the schools - leads to the 101st airbourne being brought in to escort and protect the 8 black students at school

Nixon & Kennedy/Humphrey & Johnson

Nixon (Rep) vs. Kennedy (D-Crat)

Kennedy

• 43 youngest candidate ever

• Senator from MA, Roman Catholic, father was ambassador to UN

• Americans hesitant to vote for him bc they thought he’d be more loyal to the Pope than to America

Nomination Rivals

• Humphrey - left liberal leader

• Johnson - senate majority leader

ICBM/”missile gap”

SU gets ICBM first

Kennedy argues that Nixon allowed a “missle gap” and the SU is more advanced technologically

First Televised Debate

Kennedy presents Well - charming -wins popular vote by 120,000 votes

Nixon - looks like shit- ghastly - looses votes - better on radio

Eisenhower’s Fairwell Adress

modeled Washington’s

warned against building military & an alliance between defense dept. adn private industry

did not want military-industrial complex - saw it as a threat to democracy

end of the 1950s