TCP/IP Internet Protocol Suite

Physical Layer, Data link Layer, Network Layer, Transport Layer, and Application Layer

TCP/IP Protocol Suite Layers

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

TCP/IP

Physical and Data Link Layers

• In these layers, TCP/IP does not define any specific protocol.

• It supports all the standard and proprietary protocols.

• A network in a TCP/IP internetwork can be a local-area network or a wide area network.

Network Layer

TCP/IP supports the Internetworking Protocol. IP, in turn, uses four Supporting protocols: ARP, RARP, ICMP, and IGMP

Internetworking Protocol

is the transmission mechanism used by the TCP/IP protocols. The IP layer provides an unreliable, connectionless delivery system. The reason why it is unreliable is that IP provides no error checking or tracking

Address Resolution Protocol

is used to associate a logical address with a physical address. On a typical physical network, such as a LAN, each device on a link is identified by a physical or station address, usually imprinted on the network interface card (NIC). ARP is used to find the physical address of the node when its Internet address is known.

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

allows a host to discover its Internet address when it knows only its physical address. It is used when a computer is connected to a network for the first time or when a diskless computer is booted.

Internet Control Message Protocol

is a mechanism used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. ICMP sends query and error reporting messages

Internet Group Message Protocol

is used to facilitate the simultaneous transmission of a message to a group of recipients

Transport Layer

was represented in TCP/IP by two protocols: TCP and UDP.

• IP is a host-to-host protocol, meaning that it can deliver a packet from one physical device to another

• UDP and TCP are transport level protocols responsible for delivery of a message from a process (running program) to another process. A new transport layer protocol, SCTP, has been devised to meet the needs of some newer applications.

User Datagram Protocol

is the simpler of the two standard TCP/IP transport protocols. • It is a process-to-process protocol that adds only port addresses, checksum error control, and length information to the data from the upper layer.

Transmission Control Protocol

provides full transport layer services to applications.

• TCP is a reliable stream transport protocol. The term stream, in this context, means connection-oriented: A connection must be established between both ends of a transmission before either can transmit data

Stream Control Transmission Protocol

It is a transport layer protocol that combines the best features of UDP and TCP

Application Layer

is equivalent to the combined session, presentation and application layers in the OSI model. Many protocols are defined at this layer

Physical Address, Logical Addresses, Port Addresses, Specific Addresses

Four Levels of Addresses

Physical Address

is also called a MAC address is a 48 bit flat address burned into the ROM of the NIC (Network Interface Card) card at the factory which is a layer 1 device of the OSI model.

IP Address

• is a logical address

• Every host must have a unique IP address

• Includes a network ID and a host ID

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

the who assigns IP addresses

Port Address

The IP address and the physical address are necessary for a quantity of data to travel from a source to a destination host. However , arrival at a destination host is not a final objective of the data communications on the internet. Computers are devices that can run multiple processes at the same time.

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

is responsible for the global coordination of the DNS Root, IP addressing, and other Internet protocol resources.

Well-known Ports

also known as system ports

Specific Address

❖ Some applications have user-friendly addresses that are designed for that specific applications.

❖Examples include the email address and the Universal Resource Locator (URL). The first defines the recipient of an email; the second is used to find a document on the world wide web.

❖ These address however, get changed to the corresponding port and logical addresses by the sending computer.

Registered Ports

are those from 1024 through 49151

Bandwidth

The number of bits that can be transmitted over the network in a certain period of time.

Latency

-Given by time, taken by a message to travel from one end of a network to other

-also called delay

Network Performance Monitoring

The goal of these tools is to provide a depiction of operations, so potential problems can be avoided, and anomalies that occur can be detected, isolated and resolved with a minimum mean-time-to-repair

Throughput

is a measure of how fast we can actually send data through a network

Propagation Time

measures the time required for a bit to travel from the source to the destination.

Queuing Time

the time needed for each intermediate or end device to hold the message before it can be processed

Universal Resource Locator

URL

File Transfer Protocol

21: FTP

Secure Shell

22: SSH

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

25: SMTP

Domain Name System

53: DNS

Hypertext Transfer Protocol

80: HTTP

Post Office Protocol

110: POP3

Network News Transfer Protocol

119: NNTP

Network Time Protocol

123: NTP

Internet Message Access Protocol

143: IMAP

Simple Network Management Protocol

161: SNMP

Internet Relay Chat

194: IRC

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure

443: HTTPS

Network Interface Card

NIC