Freud, Erikson, Maslow & Harlow: Key Developmental and Psychoanalytic Theories

What kind of theorist is Sigmund Freud?

Psychoanalytic theorist

Who did Freud study with to learn the technique of hypnosis?

Jean Charcot

What was Freud suffering from, and what did he use as his treatment?

Freud was suffering from Jaw cancer and used cocaine to relieve the pain.

How many general characteristics did Freud identify from his theory?

5

3 multiple choice options

List the 5 general characteristics of Freud's theory.

1. Dynamic Approach

2. Structural Approach

3. Geographic Approach

4. Psychoanalytic Methods Approach

5. Psychosexual Developmental Stage Approach

What is the central theme of Freud's dynamic approach?

Each child is born with a certain amount of sexual energy

Define libido

Sexual energy

True or False: libido is biologically guided to the erogenous zones in the body

True

2 multiple choice options

Where are the erogenous zones according to Freud?

Oral, anal, and genital areas

The arrival of the libido falls under which of Freud's general characteristics?

The Dynamic Approach

What are the three parts of Freud's structural approach?

The Id, the Ego, and the Superego

What is the Id?

The dark, mysterious side of our personality that contains innate desires and is the main source of sexual energy.

Which part of the structural approach is the main source of sexual energy?

The Id

True or False: the Ego is considered the seat of innate desires.

False; the Id is considered the seat of innate desires

The Id is called the ______ _______ of our personality.

Spoiled child

How does the Id operate?

Operates in our daydreams, night dreams, and imagination and in our impulsive, selfish, and pleasure-seeking behaviors.

The Id wants _________ gratification, not _________.

immediate; delayed

What does the Id contain?

It contains everything that we inherit from mom and dad.

What is the ego, and why does it develop?

It is the mind's avenue to the real world, and it develops because it is required for physical and psychological survival.

What are the Ego's activities?

perception, logical thought, problem-solving, and memory

How are decisions aided in the ego?

by feelings of anxiety

2 multiple choice options

When do defense mechanisms emerge?

When our anxiety is so strong that it threatens to engulf the ego.

How many defense mechanisms are there, according to Freud?

9

Define repression

denying or forgetting danger

Define reaction formation

acting the opposite from the way one truly feels

Define projection

attributing one's unacceptable behaviors to others

Define regression

returning to an earlier form of behavior (i.e. bedwetting or thumb sucking)

Define fixation

remaining at the present level of cognitive development

Define sublimation

substituting a desired object or person for a less desirable one

Define compensation

making up a failure in one area by applying one's self in another area

Define identification

adopting the characteristics of an aggressor to make up for one's own inadequacies

Define displacement

retaliating against someone other than the one whom retaliation is desired

What is the Superego and when does it develop?

The Superego develops when children resolve their Oedipus complex and identifies with the same-sex parent.

What are the two parts of the Superego?

Conscience (negative) and Ego Ideal (positive).

What role does the conscience play in the superego?

It punishes the child with feelings of guilt.

What is the Ego Ideal?

The standards of conduct towards which the child strives (i.e. how to behave in public).

What role does the Ego Ideal play in the superego?

It rewards the child with feelings of positive self-esteem and pride.

How does the Superego oppose both the Id and the Ego?

It tries to do away with the spoiled child personality of the Id and watches over the thoughts of the Ego.

What is the superego's POV as it relates to the Id and the Ego?

Thinking is as bad as doing.

True or False: The Id, Ego, and Superego can exist without each other.

False, you cannot have one structure without the other; they melt into one another and a intertwined.

What are the three regions of Freud's geographic approach?

Unconscious, Preconscious, and Conscious.

Define Unconscious

refers to thoughts and feelings that are repressed and unknown

Define preconscious

its thoughts become conscious by forming mental images or linking words to form language

Define conscious

it is what a person is aware of at any given moment

In which region of the Geographic Approach does the Id reside?

the unconscious

What is the second name for the Conscious?

Perceptual Conscious

What are the three methods of the psychoanalytic methods approach?

Free Association, Dream, Analysis, Transference

Define free association?

Requires that a person or subject orally reports their ongoing stream of thought.

Define dream analysis.

It focuses on a person's verbal reports of their mental activities (dreams), specifically the similarity between neurotic symptoms and the content of their dream.

Define transference.

When a patient has positive and/or negative feelings about their psychotherapist.

What is the Oral Stage of psychosexual development?

The stage from birth to age 1 where the libido is located in the mouth, and sucking is the principal source of pleasure.

What is the primary source of physical pleasure in the Oral stage?

Sucking; all objects tend to find their way into the child's mouth.

What has the strongest long-term influences in the Oral Stage?

When and how long an infant is breastfed and how it is weaned.

What causes fixation, and what can result from it during the Oral Stage?

If infants are weaned too soon/late, they become fixated. Behaviors such as alcoholism, smoking, nail biting, and a demanding personality arise.

What is the Anal Stage of psychosexual development?

The stage from ages 1 to 3 where the main concern is positive toilet training experience.

What is the primary source of physical pleasure in the Anal stage?

Bowel movements and later withholding bowel movements

What behaviors can develop from a difficult toilet training experience?

An anal personality, as well as over-controlling, compulsive, extremely neat, stingy, defiant, and rigid behaviors as adults.

What age range does the Phallic Stage cover in Freud's theory?

3 to 6 years of age

What is the primary erogenous zone during the Phallic Stage?

The genital area

What conflict do children experience during the Phallic Stage?

The Oedipus Conflict

Define the Oedipus Conflict

Children become sexually attracted to parents of the opposite sex and begin to experience conflict because that believe that the same sex parent is a rival.

What are the two ways children can resolve the Oedipus Conflict?

1. Repress their desires into the unconscious.

2. Compensate for the loss of the opposite sex parent by adopting the characteristics of the same sex parent (AKA Identification)

What adult behaviors can result from unresolved Oedipus Conflict?

Impotency in males and rigidity in females

What is the age range for the Latency Period in Freud's theory?

Ages 6 to 11/12

What is the principal source of physical pleasure in the latency period?

There is no physical source of pleasure.

Puberty is a big part of which stage of the Psychosexual Developmental Approach?

The Latency Period

What happens to libido during the Latency Period?

It remains repressed and inactive

What is the focus of children during the Latency Period?

School activities and same-gender friendships

What does a child acquire during the latency period?

Child acquires cognitive skills and assimilates cultural values as they expand their world to include teachers, neighbors, peers, club leaders, coaches, and other significant role models

What is the age range for the Genital Stage in Freud's theory?

12 to 13 years of age

What is the genital stage also known as?

the adolescent period

What is the goal of the Genital Stage?

Mature adult sexuality with a biological aim of reproduction

What happens to the libido in the genital stage?

the libido reemerges

What does Freud mean by: The choice of a partner is dependent on the child's earlier development?

Males are more likely to select a mate similar to their mothers, and young ladies select a mate similar to their fathers.

Describe Freud's Case Study

The analysis of a phobia in a 5 year old boy named Little Hans

What was Little Hans' phobia?

It was a fear that a horse would bite or fall on him. He was afraid of white horses, wore a black muzzle, and had black blinders.

True or False: Little Hans was especially afraid of horses that pulled heavy loads in a cart.

True

What was Little Hans' fantasy?

During the night, Hans would see a large giraffe in his room and a crumpled giraffe. The large giraffe would call out to Hans when he took away the crumpled giraffe, and Hans would sit on the crumpled giraffe.

What three things did Freud identify when he analyzed the fantasy?

1. The Oedipus Conflict

2. Sibling Rivalry

3. Fear of Punishment due too masterbation

What did Freud's case study of Little Hans reveal about his phobia?

It was a fear of horses that represented his father.

What did the large giraffe in Little Hans' fantasy symbolize?

Hans' father

What did the crumpled giraffe in Little Hans' fantasy represent?

Hans' mother

What major conflict did Little Hans resolve by identifying with his father?

The Oedipus Conflict

Was Little Hans able to resolve his Oedipus conflict? How?

Yes, he was able to resolve it by identifying with his father and accepting the presence of his sister.

Who is the theorist associated with psychosocial development?

Erik Erikson

How many ages of man are there, and why did Erikson develop them?

8; he wanted to add a psychosocial dimension to Freud's psychoanalytic theory.

What are the eight stages of Erikson's psychosocial development focused on?

Critical periods when ego identity reaches its climax

What is the first stage and age of Erikson's psychosocial development?

Basic Trust vs Basic Mistrust; birth to 2 years

What does the stage of Basic Trust vs Basic Mistrust refer to?

The child's ability to trust others and their own trustworthiness

True or False: Some mistrust is necessary to detect danger/discomfort and to discriminate between honest and dishonest people.

True

What are oral experiences in the basic trust vs basic mistrust age?

Sucking, biting, teething, and weaning

What is the psychosocial modality in Basic Trust vs Basic Mistrust?

Getting and giving

What is the name and age of second stage of Erikson's psychosocial development?

Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt; ages 2 to 3

What is shame?

It implies that a child is self-conscious about a negative experience.

What is doubt?

It has to do with the unknown--what the child cannot see, yet must try to control (e.g. controlling one's bowel or bladder).

What positive outcome is associated with the Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt stage?

Autonomy- The child's ability to do things for themselves

What are the negative components that arise from the Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt stage?

Shame and doubt

How can strict toilet training affect a child's development according to Erikson?

It may lead to over-compulsive and stingy adult behaviors.

What is the benefit of gradual and kind toilet training?

It aids the child in developing self-control without the loss of self-esteem.

What is the psychosocial modality in the Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt Stage?

Holding on vs letting go, which is the counterpart of retention and elimination