7.1 Encoding Memories

Effortful Processing

requires active work and attention to embed info into long-term memory

Automatic Processing

the unconscious automatic encoding of info about space, time, frequency, and well-learned tasks

Levels of Processing Model

proposes that the depth at which info is thought about affects how well it is remembered

• argues that the deeper the processing, the more connections are made within the brain, thereby enhancing the likelihood of recalling information later

Shallow Encoding

a basic level of processing that focuses on surface characteristics of information (ex. sound or appearance of words) without engaging with its meaning

Structural

type of shallow processing that focuses on the physical structure of info

Phonemic

shallow processing that focuses on the auditory aspects of info

Deep encoding

involves thoroughly processing information by focusing on its meaning and connecting it to existing knowledge

• Analyzes the significance and implications of information.

• Creates durable and easily retrievable memories.

Deep (semantic) processing

encoding information based on its meaning

Self-reference effect

our improved memory of information that is personally meaningful to us