ielts-ecology/ethology/earth science

reading-ecology/ethology/earth science

ethology

The scientific study of animal behavior, particularly in natural settings.

evolution

the scientific idea that plants and animals develop and change gradually over a long period of time

natural selection

the process by which only plants and animals that are naturally suitable for life in their environment will continue to live and breed, while all others will die out

speciation

the process by which new types of living things are thought to develop from existing ones during evolution物種(分類)

extinction

when a particular type of animal or plant stops existing

catastrophe

a terrible event in which there is a lot of destruction, suffering, or death(=serious disaster)

cambrian explosion

cambrian寒武紀

explosion means a sudden or quick increase in the number or amount of something

biosphere

the part of the world in which animals, plants etc can live

生物圈

sphere

a ball shape

producer

a person, company, or country that makes or grows goods, foods, or materials.

consumer

someone who buys and uses products and services

decomposer

someone make something decay(腐爛)

detritivore

An organism that feeds on detritus(碎的) or organic waste

predatory

a predatory animal kills and eats other animals for food(like lion)

reptile

a type of animal, whose body temperature changes according to the temperature around it, and that usually lays eggs to have babies(like snake)爬蟲類

amphibian

an animal that lives both on land and in water but must produce its eggs in water, such as a frog

mammal

a type of animal that drinks milk from its mother’s body when it is young.

primate

a member of the group of animals that includes humans and monkeys

migratory

relating to migration

herbivore

an animal that only eats plants

carnivore

an animal that eats meat

omnivore

an animal that eats both meat and plants

nocturnal

an animal that is active at night

aquatic

living or growing in water

terrestrial

tha animal that living on land rather than water

陸地生物

rodent

any small animal of the type that has long sharp front teeth, such as a rat or a rabbit

marsupial

an animal which carries its babies in a pocket of skin on its body

scavenger

a bird or an animal that feeds on dead animals

homoiothermal

having a body temperature that is mostly independent of the temperature of the environment

cold-blooded

like sanke

invertebrate

a living creature that does not have a backbone無脊椎動物

vertebrate

a living creature that has a backbone脊椎動物

symbiotic relationship

two organisms live together anf help each other

parasitism

a relationship where one living thing benifits and the other is harmed

commensalism

a relationship between two species in which one gets an advantage from living closely with the other and the other is not affected by it

mutualism

a relationship between two organisms in which they live together and benefit each other

insect

昆蟲

larva

(=grub)a young insect

the fish just born

caterpillar

a small creature like a worm with many legs that eats leaves and that develops into a butterfly or other flying insect

torpor

the state of reduced activity that some samll animals experience during the winter

a state of being not active because you are lazy or sleepy

hibernation

if an animal hibernates, it sleeps for the whole winter

pupa

蛹

cocoon

繭

something that wraps around you completely, especially to protect you.

camouflage

colors or patterns that help an animal blend in

predator

an animal that kills and eats other animals

prey

an animal that is hunted and eaten by another animal

mimesis

a way to imitate the background from the environment to hide themselves.looking like another organism.

crypsis

when an animal hides by blending in with its surroundings.Hiding by blending in.

dazzling

when bold patterns confuse predators,espacially when the animal moves.

fauna

all the animals that live wild in a particular area.ex:The fauna of China.means all the animal in China this area.

flora

all the plants that grow in a particular place or country.

botany

the scientific study of plants 植物學

botanist

someone whose job is to make scientific studies of wild plants

botanical

relating to plants or the scientific study of plants

photosynthesis

the process by which a plant uses carbon dioxide from the air, water from the ground, and the energy from the light of the sun to produce its own food and oxygen

root

the part of a plant under the ground and gets water from the soil

stem

the long thin part of a plant, from which leaves, flowers(=stalk)

biodiversity

the variety of plants and animals in a particular place生物多樣性

ranch

animal farm

farm

plant and animal farm

plantation

plant farm

barn

a large farm building for storing crops, or for keeping animals in

poultry

domastic animal,like chicken ,duck

livestock

animals such as cows and sheep that are kept on a farm

crop

all the plant which is grown by farmers and used as food

grain

the seeds of crops such as corn, wheat, or rice that are gathered for use as food, or these crops themselves

pesticide

a chemical substance used to kill insects and small animals that destroy crops

fertilization

to put fertilizer on the soil to make plants grow

verb.

microorganism

a living thing that is so small that it cannot be seen without a microscope

habitat

a place,the natural home of a plant or animal

foliage

the leaves

bark

tree skin

inorgainic

無機

carnivorous plant

a kind of plant which is feed on small insects

ensnare

to trap someone in an unpleasant or illegal situation

tentacle

one of the long thin parts of a sea creature such as an octopus which it uses for holding things(octopus’ hands)

oceanography

the scientific study of the ocean

phytoplankton

very small plants that float near the surface of water and on which sea creatures feed

浮游植物

zooplankton

very small animals that float near the surface of water and on which other sea creatures feed

浮游生物

coral reef

an area of coral

珊瑚礁

crustacean

an animal such as a lobster or a crab that has a hard outer shell and several pairs of legs, and usually lives in water

continent

such as Asia,Europe,North America,Africa…

Atlantic ocean

the ocean between Europe and America continent

Pacific ocean

the ocean between Asia and America continent

Indian ocean

the ocean near India

Arctic ocean

the ocean at the north of Canda and Russia

Antarctic ocean

the ocean at the south of Australia

Antarctic

the continent at Antarctic ocean

gulf

a very large area of sea surrounded on three sides by a coast.ex:the Gulf of Mexico

岩灣

bay

a part of the coast where the land curves in so that the sea is surrounded by land on three sides.ex:English bay

沙灣

oceanic trench

a narrow hole in the ocean

port of call

a place where you stop for a short time, especially on a journeye

ex:the last port of call

停靠港

dock

a place where ships are repaired or loaded.

pier

a long structure sticking out from the land over the sea

wharf

a long platform along the shore where ships load and unload cargo.

tsunami

an extremely large wave caused by a violent movement of the earth under the sea

tide

the rise and fall of the sea that happens twice every day