csd 442 exam 1

distinctive feature theory

attempts to determine the specific properties of sounds that signal meaning differences in languages

distinctive feature

any property that separates a subset of elements from a group

chomsky and hall use what kinds of features as distinctive

articulatory

others use acoustic characteristics

what are the five features used to describe phonemes in distinctive feature theory?

major class

cavity

manner of articulation

source

prosodic

what are the three major class features of distinctive feature theory

sonorant

consonantal

approximants

sonorant:

produced with an open vocal tract that promotes voicing

what are sonorants

vowels, nasals, glides, and liquids

consonantal

produced with high degree of obstruction

what are consonantals

stops, fricatives, affricates, and nasals

approximates

produced with a low degree of oral obstruction

what are approximates

vowels, liquids (l and r)

what are the nine cavity features

coronal

anterior

distributed

nasal

lateral

high, low, back, round

coronal

produced with the blade of the tongue

what are the coronals?

t, d, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ, n, r, l

anterior

produced in front of the alveolar ridge

what are the anteriors

labial, dental, alveolar

distributed

produced with relatively long oral sagittal constriction

what are the distributed

ʃ, s, z

nasals

produced with open VP

what are the nasals

m, n, ŋ

lateral

produced with lower lateral rims portion of the tongue (l)

high

produced with a high tongue

low

produced with a low tongue

back

produced with retracted tongue

round

produced with round lips

what are the two manner features of distinctive feature theory

continuant

delayed

continuant

produced without constriction of air stream

what are the continuants

fricatives, glides, liquids

the only non continuant (-continuant)

stops

delayed

produced with a slow release of a total obstuction

what are the delayed

affricates

what are the 2 source features of distinctive feature theory

voice

strident

voice

produced with vocal fold vibration

strident

harsh, loud sounds; produced without friction of the airstream within the oral cavity

what are the stridents

Fricatives and affricates
NO θ and ð

general phonology theory

an outgrowth of distinctive feature theory

what are the two forms of sound representation in general phonology theory

surface form

underlying form

surface form of general phonology theory

the actual product of production; phonemic representation

underlying form of general phonology theory

mental reality behind the way people use language; phonological representation

v_v notation of GPT

change is intervocalic

⊘ notation of GPT

deletion

true of false: children tend to have common error patterns during deleopment

true - not random errors

what is an unmarked sound in natural phonology

more natural

super easy

occurs earlier in development

more often in languages

what type of sounds are m, b, p, d in natural phonology theory

unmarked

what is a marked sound in natural phonology

less natural

more difficult

occurs later in development

less common in languages

What type of sounds are ʃ, θ, ð, r in natural phonology theory?

marked

markedness is used to compare

cognate pairs and sound classes

according to markedness, are voiceless or voices sound easier to produce

voiceless

according to markedness, are fricatives or affricates more unmaked

fricatives

according to markedness, are stops or fricatives more natural

stops

markedness can also

predict sound classes

according to markedness theory, stops predict

fricatives

according to markedness theory, voiceless predict

voiceless

what is the goal of natural phonology theory?

to explain development of a child’s phonological system

patterns are innate and universal

in natural phonology theory, what are the 3 mechanisms to account for change?

limitation

ordering

suppression

what is the limitation in natural phonology

differences between children and adult phonological systems become limited to specific sounds, sound classes, or sound sequence

example limitation in natural phonology

child produces all stops for fricatives

then limits it to only s to t

what is ordering in natural phonology theory?

what random substitutions become organized

kids are closer, but still havent figured it out

example of ordering in NPT

s —> t and z—> t

now

s —> t and z —> d

what is suppression in natural phonology theory

elimination of phonological processes as child moves away from innate and toward adult patterns

example of suppression in NPT

a child no longer produces stops or fricatives

what are the 3 phonological categories

syllable structure

substitution

assimilatory

what is a syllable structure processes

describes sound changes that affect the structure of the syllable

what are the 4 types of syllable structure processes

cluster reduction

reduplication

weak syllable deletion

final consonant deletion

cluster reduction

consonant cluster is reduced to a single consonant

often more unmarked is left

(spun) to (pun)

cluster reduction example

reduplication

second syllable becomes a replication of the first

bottle —> baba

reduplication example

weak syllable deletion

the unstressed syllable is removed

banana —> nana

weak syllable deletion example

final consonant deletion

the last consonant of syllable is removed

bike —> bai

final consonant deletion example

fronting

place of articulation change replacing posterior sound with more anterior sounds

k g —> t d

esh - s

fronting example

labialization

place of articulation change replacing nonlabial sounds with labial sounds

thumb —> fum

labialization example

alveolarization

place of articulation change replacing nonalveolar sounds with alveolar sounds

thumb —> sum

alveolarization example

stopping

place of articulation change: replacing any continuant sound with a stop

sun to tun

juice to duice

stopping example

affrication

place of articulation change: replacing a fricative with an affricate

shoe to tchoe

affrication example

deaffrication

place of articulation change replacing an affricate with a fricative

cheese to sheeze

deaffrication example

gliding

place of articulation change replacing liquids with a glide

light to wight

red to wed

show to yow

gliding examples

vowelization

place of articulation change

replacing syllabic liquids or nasals with vowel

• l, er, n

tsble to tabow

ladder to laddow

vowelization examples

derhoticization

place of articulation change loss of r-coloring

bird to berd

mother to mothuh

derhoticization example

change in voicing

voiced to voice

voice to voiced

labial assimilation

nonlabial sounds influenced by labial sounds

swing to fwing

labial assimilatory example

velar assimilation

nonvelar sounds influenced by velar sounds

dog to gag

velar assimilation example

nasal assimilation

non-nasal sounds influenced by nasal sounds

bunny to munny

nasal assimilation

liquid assimilation

nonliquid sounds influenced by liquid sounds

yellow to lellow

liquid assimilation example

persisting normal processes: becoming a problem

using process past the age when most children do