World Civ Exam

The founder of the first great Persian empire was…

Cyrus the Great

Zoroaster is famous for:

Establishing a monotheistic religion in Persia

Feature of Zoroastrianism?

Life after death, Judgement day, and good v evil

The greatest accomplishment of Darius the Great was:

giving the huge Persian empire an efficient, balanced system of government

Wang Mang is famous for:

proposing radical reforms to halt the economic and political decline of the former Han

Han China reached its territorial and military peak under:

Empress Wu

The region known as Mesoamerica encompasses

Mexico and South America

The founder of the Gupta Dynasty was

Chandra Gupta

The field of study required for government service under the Han Dynasty was:

Confucianism

In general, during the Han Dynasty:

the boundaries of China were extended

The pyramids of Mesoamerica, especially those at Teotihuacan, are:

More numerous and as impressive as those in Egypt

The Hindu Renaissance was encouraged primarily by the rulers of:

The Gupta Dynasty

Who wrote the Dao De Ching and Analects?

Confucius

Who wrote the Avestas?

Zoroaster

How did Zoroaster and Chandragupta died?

Starvation

The Pregnant symbol of Zoroastrianism is…

The Yin Yang

The personification of Evil in the Zoroastrian faith is…

Ahura Mazda:

The Ancestral lands of the Mayans are in

South America

Who issued the edict for the return of the remnant of Judah back into their ancestral lands?

The Babylonian King Cyrus

Alexander the Great left who the smallest portion of his empire?

General Selucius

Why were the olmec people called the rubber people?

The rubber trees in their area

Olmec Ceremonial centers

San Lorenzo, La Venta, and Tres Zapotes

What did the Olmecs construct

draining systems to divert flood waters

The most distinctive artistic creations of the Olmecs…

Colossal human heads

In exchange for the imports, the Olmecs traded…

works of art fashioned from jade, basalt, or ceramics

Olmec traditions deeply influenced later Mesoamerican societies such as

Astronomical observations, Calendar, writing, rituals of human sacrifice, and a ball game

The most prominent Mayan City/Ceremonial Center

Kaminaljuyú

Kaminaljuyú fell under the economic and perhaps also the political dominance of the much larger city…

Teotihuacan

What did the mayans use as money?

cacao beans

the most important Mayan political center between the fourth and the ninth centuries C.E.

Tikal

Temple in the City of Tikal

Temple of Giant Jaguar

Mayan small city-kingdoms

Palenque and Chichén Itzá

Chichen itza integration

absorbed captives and integrate them into their own society

Mayan Creations

astronomy, math, calendar, writing, eclipses, plant cycles, and concept of zero

Who calculated the length of a solar year?

Mayans

Mayan Script

ideographic elements (like Chinese characters) and symbols for syllables.

Popol Vul

A mayan creation Myth of how the gods finally created humans out of maize and water.

How would the Mayans prompt the gods to send rain?

Bloodletting rituals centered on war captives

Teotihuacan

theocracy city home to The Pyramid of the Sun and Moon

Artisans of Teotihuacan were especially famous for their….

obsidian tools and fine orange pottery

Andes people most important domesticated animals

Camals-like llamas and Alpacas

Chavin Culture

a spiritual belief appearing in the Central Andes

What was the Chavin Culture named after?

Chavin De Huantar

Moche

An Andean state located in the valley of the Moche River

What was the Moche state known for?

artistic legacy of life in the society

What brought an end to the Andean civilizations?

geographic barriers and droughts

Oceania

Australia and New Guinea

Features of the Oceanic people

small mobile communities, plant based diet, use of boomerangs

What animals did oceanic people eat?

Rats, Kangaroos, and waterfowl

Lapita People

earliest Austronesian migrants to sail out and establish settlements in pacific islands

What kind of kingdoms did Laptia have?

Hierarchical chief kingdoms

How did the oceanic people carry supplies?

large canoes with twin hulls joined by a deck

What were the 4 ruling dynasties of Persia?

Achaemenids, Seleucids, Parthians, Sasanians

Medes and Persians

Migrated to Persia, military power equestrian skills, and archers

Where Cyrus rule from?

His mountain fortress at Pasargadae

How far was Cyrus’ rule?

From India to the borders of Egypt

Who was Cyrus’s successors?

His son Cambyses and Darius

Which leader of Persia conquered Egypt?

Cambyses

Persepolis

New capital of Persia and administrative center

Achaemenids governors

Satraps

Satrapies

administrative and taxation districts

How was order kept in the Achaemenid empire?

military officers, tax collections, and imperial spies

Darius also sought to improve administrative efficiency by...

regularizing tax levies and standardizing laws, and coins.

Achaemenid Empire roads and communication

Persian Royal Road, Courier service, and postal stations

Qanat

underground canals

Darius’s Successor

Xerxes

Xerxes

known for his cruelty and insensitivity

The Persian War

Rebellion of the Ionian Greeks against the Persians

Battle of Marathon (490 bce)

a battle where the greeks won

Alexander of Macedon

Invaded Persia, destroyed Persepolis, proclaimed himself heir

Battle of Gaugamela

Where Alexander shattered the Achaemenid forces

The Seleucid Empire

Started by Seleucus, retained Achaemenid systems and created new cities

Parinthan Empire

retained many of the customs and traditions of nomadic peoples from the steppes of central Asia.

How did the Parthians organize themselves.

politically through a federation of leaders who met in councils and jointly determined policy for all allied groups

Who put an end to the Seleucid empire?

The Romans

Greatest Parthian Conqueror

Mithradates I

Capital city of Parthian empire

Ctesiphon

What brought the Parthian empire down?

internal rebellion and the romans

Sasanian Empire

Occupied the Parthians, claimed direct descent from the Achaemenids and refurbished cities

How did the Sasanians empire come to an end?

Arab Warriors

Society and Economy in Persia

Bureaucrats, specialized labor, slavery, and distinctive classes

Bureaucrats in the Persian Empire

Ran day to day affairs within the administrative government

Social groups of Persian empire

Artisans, merchants, civil and temple servants, priests

Enslaved individuals of Persia

POW, rebels, debt-owners

Long distance trade flourished in which empires

Parthians and Sasanians

Zoroastrianism

The doctrine that emerged from the teachings of Zarathustra.

Ahura Mazda

Supreme god of the Zoroastrianism

Avesta

Book of religious texts compiled under the Sasanians

Magi

Zoroastrian Preist who transmitted teachings orally.

Gathas

hymns composed by Zarathustra in honor of the various deities

Zoroastrianism teachings

allowed human beings to enjoy the world and its fruits

Parsis

Persians descendants who continue to observe Zoroastrian traditions.

Three religions of salvation

Buddhism, Christianity, and Manichaeism.

evil spirit in Zoroastrianism

Angra Mainyu

Zoroastrians moral teaching phrase

good words, good thoughts, good deeds

Kong Fuzi (Confucius)

first Chinese thinker who addressed the problem of political and social order in a straightforward and self-conscious way

Confucian Ideas

He believed that the best way to promote good government was to fill official positions with individuals who were both well-educated and conscientiousJunxi

Junzi

“superior individuals”—who took a broad view of public affairs and did not allow personal interests to influence their judgments.

Confucian Values

Ren, Li, Xiao

Ren

kindness, a sense of humanity