Fundamental Concepts: Neuroanatomy

Upper extremity SSEPs are transmitted through which spinal cord tract?

Fasciculus Cuneatus

The third ventricle is connected to the fourth by

cerebral aqueduct

Damage to which structure/tract would cause motor deficits?

Lateral corticospinal tract

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter?

Glutamate

Glutamate

excitatory neurotransmitter

What type of action potential contribute to the pop fossa response?

Orthodromic and Antidromic

Which of the following ions are involved in a neuronal action potential?

Potassium (K+) and Sodium (Na+)

Lower motor neurons primarily exit the spinal cord through

Ventral nerve roots

Which cranial nerve travels above the cerebellopontine space?

Trigeminal

Flexion of 4th and 5th digit of the hand would represent which nerve?

Ulnar

During a CEA collateral perfusion is maintained by:

Circle of Willis

What is not a branch of the facial nerve?

Maxillary

Which are motor ONLY cranial nerves?

3-4, 6-7, 11-12

Which are sensory cranial nerves?

1, 2, 8

What are mixed cranial nerves?

5, 9-10

Kyphosis

excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back (thoracic)

Lordosis

abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)

Which spinal artery is responsible for 1/3 of the spinal cord perfusion?

Posterior Spinal Artery

Blood is supplied to the spinal cord by

One anterior and two posterior spinal arteries

What section of the spinal cord is considered a watershed zone?

Thoracic

Conus medallaris in adults

L1, L2

What abnormality can a defect in lower motor neurons cause?

Flaccid paralysis

C7 nerve root emerges from the inter-vertebral foramen between:

C6-C7

What is the motor innervation of the peroneus longus?

L4, L5, S1

Which cranial nerve innervates the extraocular (lateral rectus) muscles?

Abducens

Which cranial nerve allows turning the head and lifting the shoulders?

CN XII: Accessory

The vertebral arteries pass through foreman magnum and form what?

Basilar Artery

Anterior spinothalamic tract carries the sensory modalities of

Crude Touch

Glial cells in PNS

Schwann cells

Glial cells in CNS

astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes

Resting membrane potential of a neuron?

-70 mV

Suspecting nerve damage in a patients exam, should indicate what study to be performed?

NCV/EMG

Fibers anterior to the optic chiasm are called

Optic nerves

C8 nerve roots exit the spinal cord where?

Above T1

Trigeminal nerve is responsible for

Facial touch, temp, sensation and mastication

Which area of the spinal cord is most likely to have poorest blood supply?

Thoracic

Artery of adamkiewicz originates

T8-L1

Dorsal column pathways synapse at which location on their way to the sensory cortex?

Nucleus cuneatus and thalamus

Trigeminal can be monitored from which muscle?

Masseter

Thalamus and hypothalmus make up the

Diencephalon

Diencephalon

Contains thalamus and hypothalamus

What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

Acetylcholine

When removing a pituitary tumor via the nasal passage, the surgeon must produce a hole in what?

Sphenoid

CN that transfers visual information to the brain

CN II, Optic Nerve

Occipital lobe gets blood from which artery?

Posterior cerebral

Where is the central relay station for sensory information that is located between the cerebrum and spinal cord?

Thalamus

White matter consists of

axons of nerve fibers.

The zygomatic branch of CN VII innverates which muscle

Orbicularis Oculi

What does the "T" stand for in TLIF?

Transforaminal

Cranial nerve VI

Abducens

What type of glial cells make up the myelin sheath of the CNS

Oligodendrocytes

What vertebral levels do the fasciulus gracilis carry information from?

T7 and below

Resection of skull base tumors in the cerebellopontine angle may reduce blood flow to where?

AICA

Blood supply to the spinal cord is predominantly provided by

Anterior Spinal Artery