Evolution and Diversity of Organisms - Fill in the Blank (Flashcards)

A set of fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering origins of life, evolution theories, geological time, and taxonomy/diversity of life.

Earth and the other planets of the solar system were formed about __.

4.6 billion years ago

The first atmosphere was probably thick with water vapour and volcanic gases; this atmosphere then turned to be a __.

reducing atmosphere

Atmospheric conditions of early earth facilitated the abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules such as and from inorganic molecules.

amino acids and nitrogenous bases

2. Polymerization of the above small organic molecules leads to the formation of __.

organic macromolecules

Organic macromolecules were packed into membranes, to produce __.

protocells

Nucleic acids gained self-replicating capability, which made __ possible.

inheritance

Haldane suggested that the early oceans were a solution of organic Molecules called __ in which life arose.

primitive soup

RNA accumulated into lipid bound vesicles and formed “protocells” which exhibited enzyme catalyzed activities and were able to grow, replicate and evolve. The early genes and enzymes would have been __.

RNA

Fossils of the first photosynthetic organism, today's __, originated before __ billion years ago.

cyanobacteria

As a result of photosynthesis, iron (Fe 2+) ions were oxidized. Once all of the dissolved iron has precipitated, additional O2 dissolved in the water until the water bodies became saturated with O2. The increase of photosynthetic bacteria contributed to the increment of the amount of atmospheric __ which had accelerated the origin of chloroplast.

oxygen

The fossils of the first eukaryotic organisms were estimated as from about __ billion years ago.

1.8

Diversification of Eukaryotes: Arthropods (insects and spiders) were the first group of animals to __ the land.

colonize

Geological eons are __, Archaean, Proterozoic, Phanerozoic.

Hadean

Eras: Eon Phanerozoic covers the 3 eras, __, __ and __.

Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

There are three domains. They are; a) Domain Bacteria- consists of one kingdom. Kingdom - Bacteria; b) Domain Archaea-consists of one kingdom. Kingdom - Archaebacteria; c) Domain-Eukarya-consists of four kingdoms.

Eukarya

The diversity of organisms within the domain Bacteria includes: They are __ and unicellular.

prokaryotic

Key characteristics of Bacteria include: Most of them contain cell walls with __ as major component.

peptidoglycan

Key characteristics of Domain Archaea include: They lack __ in their cell walls which are made up of proteins and polysaccharides.

peptidoglycan

Key characteristics of Domain Eukarya include: They are __ and mostly multicellular.

eukaryotic

Table 3.1 compares the three domains on several features; for Bacteria the cell walls contain peptidoglycan, Archaea lack peptidoglycan, and Eukarya have __ in some species.

histones in some species

Key characteristics of Kingdom Protista include: Most are __; some are colonial or multicellular; some are photoautotrophs, some heterotrophs and some mixotrophs.

unicellular

Euglena is a genus illustrating Protista features: habitat __; unicellular; mixotrophs; chloroplasts present; one or two flagella.

fresh water and marine

Paramecium is a Protist with habitat __; unicellular; cilia cover the surface; two nuclei (macro and micro).

freshwater

Ulva is an example of a Protist that is __ and has cells walls mainly made of cellulose.

multicellular

The diversity of organisms within the kingdom Plantae shows evolution from green algae; evolutionary relationship figures indicate land plants evolved from a group of chlorophytes/green algae; chlorophyte algae lack key traits of land plants such as sporangia, multicellular gametangia, embryophyte development and apical meristem.

true traits of land plants not present in chlorophytes

Non-vascular plants lack an extensive transport system and are informally named __.

Bryophytes

Vascular seedless plants belong to two phyla: Lycophyta and __.

Pterophyta

Seed plants can be divided into Gymnosperms and __.

Angiosperms

A seed consists of an embryo and __; endosperm provides nutrition to the embryo.

endosperm

Pollen grains contain the male gametophyte enclosed in a pollen wall composed of sporopollenin; when germinated, pollen forms a pollen tube delivering sperm to the female gametophyte within the __.

ovule

In angiosperms, seeds develop inside chambers called __ which originate within flowers and mature into fruits.

ovaries

The two parts of the binomial name are the generic name and the __ epithet; the generic name is capitalized and the epithet is lower case.

specific

The rules of binomial nomenclature require that the name be written in Latinized form, in the Roman script, and it should be __ when handwritten and italicized when printed.

underlined

A third word in a scientific name can represent a subspecies or variety, for example Panthera pardus kotiya; the third word is the __.

subspecies

The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and __.

Eukarya

The kingdom Protista is considered a(n) __ group, originating from more than one ancestor.

polyphyletic

Viruses do not have cellular organization and do not belong to any __.

kingdom

Linnaeus identified two kingdoms of organisms: Plantae and __ (the other major kingdom at the time).

Animalia

Woese’s three-domain system places Bacteria, Archaea and __ as the fundamental divisions of life.

Eukarya