PSYCHOLOGY EXIT EXAM/HISTORY AND SYSTEMS, PHYSIOLOGICAL, ABNORMAL, STATISTICS, EXPERIMENTAL, RESEARCH

Founding of Psychology

Wundt(1879)

Zeitgeist theory of history

nature/spirit of the time

Founding of Functionalism

William James/ University of Chicago

Founding of Gestalt

Wertheimer/ University of Berlin

Founding of Behaviorism

Watson/ Little Albert

Founding of Psychoanalysis

Freud/ "Interpretation of Dreams"

Karl Lashley

learning and memory/ mass action

Pavlov

Behaviorism/classical conditioning

Ebbinghaus

Studied memory using nonsense syllables ; forgetting curve/Wundt Challenge

Tichner

introspection/ structuralism/ Student of Wundt

Galton

individual differences; Eugenics

B.F. Skinner

verbal learning/ punishment + reward/"Free will is an illusion"

Ed Russell Wallace

developed a similar theory of Evolution to Darwin's

Francis Sumner

Howard University/ First African American to receive a Ph.D in psychology

Inez Prosser

First African American woman to receive a PhD in psychology in 1933.

Leta Hollingsworth

coined the term "gifted children"

Harvard University

first to offer Experimental Psychology

Identifies which parts of the brain are active during various tasks

imaging techniques such as fMRI, PET scan

Cornea

The clear tissue that covers the front of the eye

Pupil

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

Optic nerve

carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

Retina

Contains sensory receptors that process visual information and sends it to the brain

Cerebrum

80% of the brain/complex adaptive processes(learning, memory)

Cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills (movement, posture)

Thalamus

sensory experiences/relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex

corpus callosum

links hemispheres/a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain.

Amygdala

next to hippocampus/A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion (fears and aggression)

Right hemisphere

controls the left side of the body; creative, intuitive, spacial

Left hemisphere

dominant for most speech function in 90% of the population/more critical

Broca's area

Controls language expression/ an area of the frontal lobe; left hemisphere; directs the muscle movements involved in speech

Hippocampus

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage/crucial in long term memory

Genetic Evidence

the first evidence of humans in Africa

vision

occipital lobe

Limbic system

in charge of motivated behaviors/ four f's

Cerebral cortex

the outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain

Audition

sense of hearing/temporal lobe

Pre-frontal cortex

allows us to judge, reason, make decisions, plans, process new memories/not developed until the 20s

sensation and perception

conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors

Synaptic gap

space between neurons

Temporal lobe

auditory; object processing

Dendrites

receives and transmits messages from other cells to soma

frontal lobe

The lobe at the front of the brain associated with movement, speech, and impulsive behavior/higher mental functions

parietal lobe

receives sensory input for touch, body position, and temperature

Ganglia

Exists outside the central nervous system/Collections of nerve cell bodies

occipital lobe

visual processing

Receptor cells

receives sensory information

Cochlea

inner ear structure that transforms vibrations

Rods and cones

in the retina, receives black and white and color images that have passed through the lens of the eye

Mental illness in primitive times

in primitive times they looked at illness as demon possession/witchcraft

Dorethea Dix

Educated the public about the poor conditions for prisoners and the mentally ill/ human reform

Psychoanalytic model of abnormal behavior

Freud; abnormality results from conflicts in the unconscious

Mood disorders

a serious change in mood that cause disruption to life activities; bipolar disorder (depression is most common)

Phobic disorders

agoraphobia; claustrophobia

psychosomatic disorders

Real physical symptoms that lead to stress

somatoform disorders

hypochondriasis- strong belief they have a serious or life-threatening illness despite having little to no symptoms/ no organic cause

Dissociative disorders

conditions that involve disruptions or breakdowns of memory, awareness, identity, or perception; dissociative identity disorder

Sexual dysfunctions

impotence

Personality disorders

borderline; histrionic; narcissistic; antisocial

Schizophrenic disorders (types)

-paranoid

-disorganized

-catatonic

-schizoaffective

Hallucinations are

false sensory perceptions

Delusions are

distorted beliefs

Paraphilia disorder

characterized by abnormal sexual desires, involving extreme or dangerous activities

DSM-V

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; serves as the principal authority for psychiatric diagnoses

If x=12, then 22x+45=

309

calculate the mean of 76,12,7,88,24, and 93.

50

SPSS allows you to

a computer package that allows you to calculate data

set; 2,2,5,8,9

M=?

+ then -/5.2

set; 2,2,5,8,9

MEDIAN=?

middle/5

set; 2,2,5,8,9

MODE=?

most/2

set; 2,2,5,8,9

N=?

set total/5

set; 2,2,5,8,9

RANGE=?

highest#-lowest#/7

set; 2,2,5,8,9

SS=?

sum of squares/42.8

The requirements for pearson correlation (r)

1. Interval level data

2.Straight-line relationship

3.Random Sampling

4. Skewed distribution

Which of the following is an important characteristic of the correlation statistic?

Direction

Strength

Magnitude

All of the above

When individuals score high on the SATs yet get low grades in college and vice versa, the correlation is probably

Negative

Retaining the null hypothesis assumes which of the following?

There is no difference between the sample means

The larger the value the more likely we are to

Reject the null hypothesis

SEM is the

Standard error of means/ denominator of the t-formula

Larger than t means

reject the null

If the critical value of t=3.88 and the calculated value of t=3.01, what is the correct decision

accept the null hypothesis

A researcher conducts an independent-measures study, examing how the brain chemical, serotonin, is related to aggression.

One sample of rats serve as a control group and receives a placebo that does NOT affect normal levels of serotonin.

A second sample of rats receives a drug that lowers brain levels of serotonin.

Then, the researcher tests the animals, by recording the number of aggressive responses each of the rats' display.

The null hypothesis is?

h(o), there is NOT a difference

A researcher conducts an independent-measures study, examing how the brain chemical, serotonin, is related to aggression.

One sample of rats serve as a control group and receives a placebo that does NOT affect normal levels of serotonin.

A second sample of rats receives a drug that lowers brain levels of serotonin.

Then, the researcher tests the animals, by recording the number of aggressive responses each of the rats' display.

The research/alternative hypothesis is?

h(1), there IS a difference

One-way ANOVA test

Three or more groups

F ratio

the ratio of between-groups variance to within-groups variance

The between-groups

participants experience only one level of the IV

-MS= SSB/ dfB

The within-groups

A design in which each participant is presented with all levels of the independent variable

-MS= SSW/ dfW

treatment conditions

two conditions compare behavior as antecedent to change

statistically significant

reject the null if results are

independent variable

manipulate

dependent variable

result

multivariate designs

multiple IV's and DV's

factorial designs

This design has two or more IV's

ANOVA

within groups/between groups

two or three more groups

F-ratio

within groups MS is smaller

Confounding

can't have certainty/ disturbs or changes the results of the variables under obsevation

2x3x2

three main effects

2x3x4

three IV's

Correlational designs

relationship between 2 or more variables

Experimental designs

a group of approaches that allow inferences about causes and effects to be drawn/ causal relationships

Double blind experiments

Experiments in which neither the participants nor the people analyzing the results know who is in the control group