Unit 4 social psychology&personality

Attribution

how we explain others behaviors

situational attribution

explaining the person’s behavior on the situations

Dispositional attribution

Explaning person’s behavior on person’s personality

Fundamental attribution error

Underestimate the situation and overestimate the person’s disposition

Actor-observer bias

Blaming the situation for my own mistake, but blamming another person’s disposition for their mistake.

Self-serving bias

The tendebcy to attribute successes to internal factors and faliures to external factors.

Social comparison

Individuals comparing their abilities and opinions to others

upward social comparison

we compare ourselves to someone who is perceived to be better than us

downward social comparison

we compare ourselves to others who are percieve to be worse than us.

prejudice

having a negative persepectives, fixed sterotypes toward the other.

stereotypes

A fixed, over generalized belief about a particular group of class of people

discrimination

showing a negative behavior/action towards the targeted group

implicit attitude

unconscious attitudes that affect our understanding, actions, and behaviors.

explicit attitudes

Conscious beliefs and attitudes towards the person or a group

Just-world phenomenon

People believe that the situation that happened to them is deserved.

ingroup

A group of people who share similar thoughts and perspectives and are viewed as “us.”

Ingroup bias

Tendency to favor our own group

outgroup homogeneity bias

categorizing outgroup members under a single characterisitics.

scapegoat theory

Tendency to blame an innocent person or group for one's own problems

Ethnocentrisim

Tendency to see your group as more important than others.

Foot in the door phenomenon

A person who agrees to a small request is more likely to agree a larger request later.

Door in the face phenomenon

A person first makes a large request and then follows with a smaller request after the first one is rejected.

Attitude

A learned tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a person, object, idea, or situation.

Role

the set of social expectations for how a person should act in a given position.

Central route persuasion

Change people’s attitude through logical arguments and explanations

Peripheral route persuasion

Changing people’s attitude through incidental cues

Halo effect (peripheral route persuasion)

Tendency to view a person by letting one trait influence your overall perception.

Cognitive dissonance

Holding two opposing thoughts make conflicts, you find a way to solve the situation

Social norms

Understood rules for accepted and expected behavior

Social influence theory

Normative social influence

We conform to gain approval or to not stand out from the group (be part of the norm)

Informational social influence

We conform to others because it seems to be right.

Conformity

Adjusting behavior / thinking to coincide with a group standard because of real or imagined pressure to fit in

Obedience (Stanley Milgram)

following orders or commands from an authority figure.

Social facilitation

Performing better in simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others.

Social loafing

Tendency for people in a group to except less effort when pooling their efforts together.

Deindividuation

Loss of self awareness and self restraint in group situations that foster anonymity.

Group polarization

The more you spent time in the group the more similar you become to their thoughts and opinions.

Group think

Group members suppress the opposite opinions to reduce conflicts

Individualism

Rely on oneself, prefer to be an individual rather being in a group

Collectivism

Emphasizes the unity of the group or community rather than each person;s individuality.

Multiculturalism

the coexistence of diverse cultures in a society, where each culture maintains its own identity, values, and traditions.

Mere exposure effect

Repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Altruism

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Bystander effect (John Darley & Bibb Latané)

The more people are around the less you are likely to help.

Diffusion of responsibility

Individual assumes that they are not responsible for taking action when others are present.

Social exchange theory

Social behavior is an exchange process maximize benefits and minimize cost

Social responsibility norm

Help those who need our help

Social reciprocity norm

We give so we can get

self fulfilling prophecy

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment

False consensus effect

Overestimate the extent to which our opinions, beliefs, behaviors are shared by others

Superordinate goals

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Social trap

Conflicting parties pursue their own best interests, which can result in destruction (prisoner’s dilemma)

Psychodynamic theory of personality (Freud theorized personality)

Id, Ego, Superego

ID

Our hidden desires operates on pleasure principle

Superego

Our moral conscious

Ego

Reality principle, stuck mediating between the Id and superego

Repression

Push memories back into the unconscious mind

Projection

Attribute personal shortcoming & faults on to others

Denial

Refuse to acknowledge reality

Displacement

Shift feelings from an unacceptable object to more acceptable one

Reaction formation

Transform unacceptable motive into opposite

Regression

Transform into an earlier development period in the face of stress

Rationalization

Replace a less acceptable reasoning with a more acceptable one

Sublimination

Replace unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one

Prosocial

Helping behavior

Antisocial

Harming behavior

Instrumental aggression

The aggressive act is intended to achieve a goal

Hostile aggression

an aggressive act caused by anger and frustration.

Relative deprivation theory

People tend to feel less satisfied with their lives when they engage in a lot of social comparison.