PSY test 1

Wilhelm Wundt

german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879

Sigmund Freud

developed psychoanalysis; focused on the unconscious mind, defense mechanism, and childhood experiences

William James

Founder of psychology

Mary Whiton Calkins

first female president of the APA (1905); a student of William James; denied the PhD she earned from Harvard because of her sex (later, posthumously, it was granted to her)

Margaret Floy Washburn

First female to be awarded a PhD in psychology; 2nd president of the APA (1921), animal behavior and the basic psychological processes of sensation and perception.

George Sanchez

Researcher who demonstrated that intelligence tests were culturally biased against minority children

Francis Cecil Sumner

First African American to receive a Ph.D in psychology

Kenneth Clark

social psychology; research evidence of internalized racism caused by stigmatization; doll experiments-black children chose white dolls

Mamie Phipps Clark

studied the effects of segregation and racism on the self-esteem of black children. Her work with her husband, Dr. Kenneth Clark, was used in testimony in the case of Brown V. The Board of Education

Cognitive psychology

Studies mental processes such as decision making, problem-solving, language, and memory.

Biological psychology

includes research on all areas of connection between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought

Biopsychology

Researches the biological processes that underlie behavior, including genetic,biochemical, and nervous system functioning

evolutionary psychology

humanistic psychology

Psychoanalytic psychology

Sociocultural Psychology

developmental psychologist

Explores how thought and behavior change and show stability across the life span; ask questions like "How do our reasoning skills change as we age?"

psychiatrist

Have training in medicine and an MD degree, offer therapy and can prescribe drugs

psychologist

Industrial-Organizational psychologist

Examines the relationship between people and their work environments. May study issues such asincreasing job satisfaction or decreasing employee absenteeism, or focus on understanding the dynamicsof workplace behavior, such as leadership styles or gender differences in management styles

Neuropsychologist

an expert in how brain injuries and conditions affect your behavior, mood and thinking skills. They perform neuropsychological evaluations to assess how your brain and mind are working and suggest treatment plans.

counseling psychologists

Researches, assesses, and treats children, adolescents, and adults who are experiencing adjustment difficulties

clinical psychologists

Researches, assesses, and treats children, adolescents, and adults who are experiencing difficulty in functioning or who have a serious mental health disorder such as schizophrenia

School Psychologist

assesses students' psychoeducational abilities (academic achievement, intelligence, cognitiveprocessing) and shares test results with teachers and parents to help them make decisions regarding thebest educational placement for students

Forensic Psychologist

Works with mental health issues within the context of the legal system. May study acertain type of criminal behavior such as rape or murder, or may be asked todetermine a person's competence to stand trial.

Sports Psychologist

Investigates the mental and emotional aspects of physical performance.

Developmental psychology

explores how thought and behavior change and show stability across the life span

Chapter two

The scientific method

Involves the interplay between belief(theory) and evidence (research)

population

The entire group a researcher is interested in—for example, all humans, all adolescents, all boys, all girls, all college students.

Sample

Subsets of the population studied in a research project.

random assignment

achieved by using a random numbers table or some other unbiased technique, averages out groups with respect to all possible variables

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated under controlled conditions

dependent variable

the outcome, or response to the experimental manipulation

Survey

the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions

Correlation

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

experimental design

the process of carrying out research in an objective and controlled fashion so that precision is maximized and specific conclusions can be drawn regarding a hypothesis statement

naturalistic observation

A study in which the researcher unobtrusively observes and records behavior in the real world.

laboratory observation

An observation made in a laboratory

Case study

Experimenter expectancy effects

A result that occurs when the behavior of the participants is influenced by the experimenter's knowledge of who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group.

single-blind study

Studies in which participants do not know the experimental condition (group) to which they have been assigned.

Double-blind study

Studies in which neither the participants nor the researchers administering the treatment know who has been assigned to the experimental or control group.

social desirability bias

The tendency toward favorable self-presentation that could lead to inaccurate self-reports.

Research ethics

The rules governing the conduct of a person or group in general or in a specific situation—or more simply, standards of right and wrong.

informed consent

Telling the participants the general terms what the study is about, told about risks and benefits.

Beneficence

Informing participants of cost and benefits of participation

Privacy and Confidentiality

Protecting the privacy of the participant, generally by keeping all responses confidential

Debriefing

the process of informing participants of the exact purposes of the study-why they were necessary- the results

Justice

Benefits and costs must be distributed equally among participants

Chapter three

Acetylcholine(ACH)

A neurotransmitter that controls muscle movement and plays a role in mental processes such as learning, memory, attention, sleeping, and dreaming.

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter released in response to behaviors that feel good or are rewarding to the person or animal; also involved in voluntary motor control.

Epinephrine

Also known as adrenaline, a neurotransmitter that arouses bodily systems (such as increasing heart rate).

Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter that activates the sympathetic response to stress, increasing heart rate, rate of respiration, and blood pressure in support of rapid action.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter with wide-ranging effects; involved in dreaming and in controlling emotional states, especially anger, anxiety, and depression.

GABA

-a major inhibitory neurotransmitter
-Regulation, control
-Alcohol increases GABA levels
-Relaxing, uncoordinated, inhibits alertness

Glutamate

A major excitatory
- neurotransmitter
-learning
-memory
-facilitates neutral development
-nicotine

Pancreas gland

Regulates the level of sugar in the blood

Pituitary Gland

The master endocrine gland of the body; controls the release of hormones from glands throughout the body.

Adrenal Gland

helps trigger fight or flight response

Thyroid Gland

affects metabolism, among other things

frontal lobe

Involves motor control, problem solving, and speech production

parietal lobe

Involves touch perception, body orientation

Temporal lobe

Involves auditory processing, language comprehension, memory/information retrieval

Occipital lobe

sight, vision

Chapter five

Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

characterizes an individual advancing through the eight life stages as a function of negotiating their biological and sociocultural forces

Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson)

Birth to 18 months, Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability and care(feeding)

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

2-3 Years, Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. The feeling of success leads to the feeling of autonomy and the feeling of shame leads to doubt (Toilet Training)

Initiative vs Guilt

Erikson's stage 3-5 years, Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Success leads to a sense of purpose(Exploration)

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's stage between 6 and 11 years, Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to competence(School)

identity vs. role confusion

12- 18 years old, Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to the ability to stay true to yourself. (Social Relationships)

intamacy vs isolation

19-40 years old, Young adults need to learn to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships (relationships)

Generativity vs. Stagnation

40-65 years old, Adults need create or future things that will outlast them (work or parenthood)

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

65 to death, Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success leads to feelings of wisdom while failure leads to regret

Jean Piaget's first Stage of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor Stage,Birth to 2 years, infants gain understanding of the world through senses and motor activities, Development of object permanence

Jean Piaget's Second Stage of Cognitive Development

Preoperational Stage
-ages 2-7
-Children acquire symbolic function(create mental images)
-Issues with conservative
-Belief in Animism
Children exhibit egocentrism

Jean Piaget's Third Stage of Cognitive Development

Concrete Operational Stage
-Ages 7-12
-Children acquire the concept of conversation
-Begin to understand reversibility

Jean Piaget's fourth Stage of Cognitive Development

Formal Operational Stage
-Ages 11/12+
-Children acquire the capacity for hypothetic-deductive thinking
-ability to apply logical thought to abstract and hypothetical situations

Egocentrism

belief that everyone sees what they see and thinks what they think

conservation

quantity of matter stays the same despite rearrangement orchange in appearance

Animism

belief that inanimate objects have human feelings and intentions.

object permanence

the realization that objects continue to exist when they can no longer be perceived

Scheme

plans of action to be used in similar circumstances such as a habit or a routine

Reversibility

Any change in shape, position, or order of matter can be reversed mentally

Centration

tendency to focus on only one aspect of asituation, problem or object.

Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

Describes learning as a social process and the origination of human intelligence in society or culture.

Scaffolding

Instruction or interaction with someone with knowledge and skillsbeyond that of the learner (a more knowledgeable other)

zone of proximal development

Instruction or interaction with someone with knowledge and skills beyond that of the learner (a more knowledgeable other)

Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development: Preconventional Stage 2

Instrumental-Relativist Orientation

Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development: Preconventional Stage 1

Punishment and Obedience Orientation

Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development: Conventional Stage 3

Good Boy, Nice Girl

Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development: postconventional levels Stage 5

Social Contract Orientation

Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development: Conventional Stage 4

Law and Order Orientation

Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development: postconventional levels Stage 6

Universal Ethical Principles

Harry Harlow's rhesus monkeys experiment

Contact comfort rather than nourishment forms the basis of attachment in rhesus monkeys.

authoritarian parenting

Restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort. often thought of as disciplinarians.

authoritative parenting

known as democraticindulgent parents are reasonable and nurturing, and set high, clear expectations. Children with parents who demonstrate this style tend to be self-disciplined and think for themselves

permissive/indulgent parenting

let their children do what they want and offer limited guidance or direction. They are more like friends than parents.