Exam 2 Integrated Science Dr. Reams

A. Erythrocyte

Which cell in the human body only uses glycolysis for ATP production

A. Erythrocyte

B. Neuron

C. Myocyte

D. Hepatocyte

A. Glycolysis

Which of the following biological processes will occur under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions in humans?

A. Glycolysis

B. Citric acid cycle

C. Krebs cycle

D. Fermentation

E. All of these processes occur in both environment

A. Two net molecules of ATP are produced through substrate-level phosphorylation

Which statement about glycolysis is correct?

A. Two net molecules of ATP are produced through substrate-level phosphorylation

B. Three molecules of NADH2 and one molecule of FADH2 are produced; two net molecules of ATP are produced through substrate-level phosphorylation

C. A proton gradient is established across the mitochondrial membrane

D. Resulting pyruvate molecules are always directly incorporated into the krebs cycle

A. NADH

Which of the following is a product of glycolysis?

A. NADH

B. Oxygen

C. Glucose

D. GTP

E. Acetyl CoA

A. Decreased levels of ATP

Recall each step in glycolysis, which would most likely inhibit (slow down) the rate of glycolysis?

A. Decreased levels of ATP

B. Increased levels of glucose

C. Increased levels of fructose

D. Increased levels of ATP

E. Increased oxygen levels

A. Lactate of lactic acid

Which of the following products is not created by glycolysis?

A. Lactate or lactic acid

B. ATP

C. Pyruvate

D. NADH

A. Cytosol

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

A. Cytosol

B. Outer mitochondrial matrix

C. Mitochondrial membrane

D. Intermembrane space

A. It produces 4 ATP

Which of the following is not true of glycolysis?

A. It produces 4 ATP

B. Occurs in the cytoplasm

C. Requires ATP to begin

D. It produces NADH

A. ADP

Which of the following is not a product in the net reaction for glycolysis?

A. ADP

B. NADH

C. Pyruvate

D. ATP

D. H20

A. Kinase

What type of enzyme is responsible for initiating the process of glycolysis?

A. Kinase

B. Phosphotase

C. Hydrolase

D. Phosphorylase

A. Glycolysis

Which of the following does not occur in the mitochondrion?

A. Glycolysis

B. Citric acid cycle

C. Kreb cycle

D. Oxidative phosphorylation

E. Pyruvate dehydrogenase comples

A. NADH made in cytosol must be shuttles into mitochondrial matrix

For eukaryotes, the total yield of ATP from NADH is not always maximized at 3 ATPs per NADH..... what is the possible cause of obtaining fewer than 3 ATP molecules per NADH made?

A. NADH made in cytosol must be shuttles into mitochondrial matrix

B. Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation poisoned

C. NADH was made by the citric acid cycle

D. NADH was made by fermentation

A. Hexokinase

Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the first step in glycolysis?

A. Hexokinase

B. Pyruvate kinase

C. Glucokinase

D.

A. Phosphofructase-kinase (1)

Whenever the cell's ATP supply is depleted, which of the following enzyme's activity is decreased?

A. Phosphofructase-kinase (1)

B. Hexokinase

C. Glucokinase

D.. Pyruvate kinase

A. One aldose and one ketose

Cleavage of fructose 1,6- bisphosphate yields ______?

A. One aldose and one ketose

B. Two aldoses

C. Two ketoses

D. Only a ketose

A. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is rapidly and reversibly converted to ________?

A. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

B. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

C. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

D. Fructose-6-phosphate

A. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Name the enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction to make ATP during glycolysis?

A. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

B. Pyruvate kinase

C. Hexokinase

D. Phosphofructosekinase-1

A. Hexokinase

High concentration of glucose 6-phosphate inhibits __________.

A. Hexokinase

B. Pyruvate kinase

C. Phosphofructokinase-1

D. Glucokinase

A. 3-phosphoglycerate

The product formed in the first substrate level phosphorylation reaction in glycolysis is _________?

A. 3-phosphoglycerate

B. Pyruvate

C. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

D. lactate dehydrogenase

A. Glucose into pyruvate

Glycolysis converts _______ (Choose the best response)

A. Glucose into pyruvate

B. Fructose into pyruvate

C. Glucose into phosphenol pyruvate

D. Fructose into phosphenol pyruvate

A. Glucogenesis

When blood sugar levels fall, glycolysis is halted in the liver to allow ____________

A. Glucogenesis

B. Anaerobic respiration

C. Aerobic respiration

D. All of the above

A. Amino acids

Which of the following type of metabolite is used for generating glucose under severe starvation conditions?

A. Amino acids

B. Glycogen

C. Starch

D. All of the above

A. The brain can use glucogenic amino acids for energy

Which of the following statements is true about brain metabolism in starvation?

A. The brain can use glucogenic amino acids for energy

B. The brain can only use glucose for energy

C. Up to a quarter of energy requirement of the brain can come from fatty acids

A. Mitochondria

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A. Mitochondria

B. Cytosol

C. Ribosome

D. Nucleus

A. Redox reactions

In metabolism, NAD is involved in _______

A. Redox reactions

B. Elimination reactions

C. Spontaneous reactions

A. NADH and FADH2

The end products of krebs cycle that are essential for the electron transport chain (also known as oxidative-phosphorylation) include:

A. NADH and FADH2

B. NADPH and ATP

C. Acetyl CoA

A. Increased ATP production

Increased buildup of the proton (H+) gradient in the electron transport chain leads to_____

A. Increased ATP production

B. Increased levels of H2O

C. Decreased ATP productoin

A. Succinate dehydrogenase

Which TCA cycle enzyme catalyzes the formation of FADH2?

A. Succinate dehydrogenase

B. Malate dehydrogenase

C, Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

A. NADH and release of CO2

The conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate leads to the formation of ______

A. NADH and release of CO2

B. FADH2 and release of CO2

C. GTP

A. Malate dehydrogenase

Oxaloacetate is regenerated by which enzyme in the TCA cycle?

A. Malate dehydrogenase

B. Succinyl CoA synthetase

C. Pyruvate dehydrogenase

A. Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate by this enzyme _______ produces the first NADH in the TCA cycle.

A. Isocitrate dehydrogenase

B. Citrate dehydrogenase

C. Succinyl CoA synthetase

A. Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate cannot enter the TCA cycle until it is converted into________.

A. Acetyl CoA

B. Citric acid

C. NADH

A. Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Before pyruvate enters into the TCA cycle is transformed by what enzyme?

A. Pyruvate dehydrogenase

B. Pyruvate kinase

C. Alcohol dehydrogenase

A. 2 acetyl CoA, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 GTPs

How many total acetyl CoAs enter the TCA cycle and how many total NADH,FADH2, and GTPs are made with this number of acetyl CoA?

A. 2 acetyl CoA, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 GTPs

B. 1 acetyl CoA, 3 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 1 GTP

C. 1 acetyl CoA, 9 NADH, 4 FADH2, and 3 GTPs

Malate

During Starvation and the need for quick energy, would the body use malate of citrate to quickly generate glucose for energy?

A. Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase

The correct order of enzymes which catalyze the 3 irreversible reactions in glycolysis are?

A. Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase

B. Phosphoglycerate kinase, pyruvate kinase, and hexokinase

C. Hexokinase, aldolase, and glyceraldehyde 3-phophate dehydrogenase

A. Glycerate-3-phosphate

Name the glycolysis intermediate formed as a result of substrate level phosphorylation?

A. Glycerate-3-phosphate

B. Glycerate-1,3-biphosphate

C. Pyruvate

A. Glucose-6-phosphate

Hexokinase catalyzes the formation of which intermediate in glycolysis?

A. Glucose-6-phosphate

B. Fructose-6-phosphate

C. Glycerate-3-phosphate

A. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Aldolase acts on which glycolysis intermediate?

A. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

B. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

C. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

A. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Which enzyme leads to the formation of NADH made in glycolysis?

A. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

B. Phosphoglycerate kinase

C. Triose phosphate isomerase

A. Shingles

Metabolic syndrome refers to a set of disease factors that include all except _____.

A. Shingles

B. Abdominal obesity

C. High fasting blood glucose levels

D. High resting blood pressure levels

A. Insulin and glucagon

The 3 principal hormones that regulate the body's level of glucose. Name 2

A. Insulin and glucagon

B. Caigon

C. Insulin and NE

D. Thyroxine

A. True

T/F Insulin is a hormone that causes cells to take up glucose from the blood

A. Glucose-6-phosphate cannot leak out across the cell membrane and binds better to the active sites of enzymes

Upon entering the cell, glucose is phosphorylated, this occurs due to which 2 reasons?

A. Glucose-6-phosphate cannot leak out across the cell membrane and binds better to the active sites of enzymes

B. So it can multiply

C. So that it can add more carbons and become "super glucose"

D. So that glucose enters the krebs cycle

D. 2

During glycolysis, glucose is converted to how many molecules of pyruvate?

A. 3

B. 1

C. 4

D. 2

D. Formation of charcoal and sucrose

The fates of pyruvate include all except:

A. Formation of acetyl CoA

B. Formation of NADH only

C. Formation of lactate (lactic acid), NAD+, and acetyl CoA

D. Formation of charcoal and sucrose

D. Acetyl CoA with Citrate

The citric acid cycle begins with which reactions?

A. Acetyl CoA with fumarate

B. Acetyl CoA with alpha-ketoglutarate

C. Acetyl CoA with Oxaloacetate

D. Acetyl CoA with Citrate

B. 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP

When 1 acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle and starts the first reaction, it is committed to make _________?

A. Only 2 FADH2 molecules

B. 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP

C. 2 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 3 GTP

D. 6 NADH, 3 FADH2, and 3 GTP

C. 2 are required to transport NADH+: H+ formed by glycolysis from the cytoplasm through the inner mitochondrial membrane. Since 2 ATPs are used 36 not 38 ATP molecules are produced

How many total ATP molecules are produced from the complete oxidation of glucose?

A. 9

B. 12

C. 2 are required to transport NADH+: H+ formed by glycolysis from the cytoplasm through the inner mitochondrial membrane. Since 2 ATPs are used 36 not 38 ATP molecules are produced

D. 0

C. Cytosol, mitochondria

Glycolysis takes place in the _____ while the krebs cycle takes place in the _____

A. I am certain it takes place on planet earth

B. I really don't remember

C. Cytosol, mitochondria

D. Mitochondrion, cytosol

True

T/F Blood carries glucose and insulin to every cell in the body?

True

T/F Carbohydrates and fats (lipids) can be converted to acetyl CoA

True

T/F High blood glucose stimulates the pancreas to release insulin

True

T/F Low blood glucose stimulates the pancreas to release glucagon

True

T/F Type 2 diabetes doesn't respond to internal insulin meds that lower A1C, along with proper diet and daily excretion

True

T/F A1C levels give an estimate of your blood sugar over the past 2-3 months

True

T/F the role of glucagon is that it generally elevates the conc. of glucose in the blood by promoting the synthesis of glucose and gluconeogenesis (break down of glycogen)