Stereotyping and Prejudice Exam 2

characteristics of stigma

concealability, origin, peril/danger

concealability

is it visible?

is sharing an option or not?

origin

is it controllable?

peril/danger

is danger associated with group membership?

stereotype threat

when people are at risk of confirming a negative stereotype of their group it interferes with performance

"threat in the air"

well known stereotypes tend to linger in people's minds and therefore show up in their lives

How does mentioning that a certain gender/race has been shown to do better on a test create stereotype threat for minorities?

They activate negative stereotypes about the targeted group's abilities, leading individuals to worry that their performance will confirm the stereotype, which in turn harms their actual performance.

stereotype lift

awareness of positive expectations can actually improve performance on tasks

downward social comparison

comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we are with regard to a particular trait or ability

ego depletion

a temporary reduction of one's self-control after exerting self control

social identity threat

Individuals believe they will be personally negatively evaluated due to their association with a devalued group, and they may lose confidence and performance effectiveness.

consequences of social identity threat on academic performance

reduced cognitive resources and performance

worse social relationships

less self-confidence

disengagement

coping strategy

disconnecting self worth from a domain

disidentification

coping strategy

devaluing an entire domain

behavioral compensation

coping strategy

people change their behavior to try to actively disconfirm stereotypes

strategies to reduce social identity threat

identity safe enviornments - decor, representation

mentorship and role models that disconfirm stereotypes

growth mindset messaging - emphasizing ability over innate talent

keeping instructions on tests as neutral as possible

example of an environmental cue that might exacerbate social identity threat for individuals in underrepresented groups

a faculty panel where male professors are the only speakers

personal group discrimination discrepancy

the tendency for members of disadvantaged groups to downplay personal discrimination in their own lives, but recognize it in their peers

tokenism

when a single member of a minority group is present in an office, workplace, or classroom and is seen as a representative of that minority group rather than as an individual

cross race identification bias

the tendency for people to be more accurate at recognizing members of their own racial group than of other groups

peripheral cues

factors that are irrelevant to a decision but are used to make a decision nonetheless

gender polarization

assumption that gender-related traits are bipolar

masculine is the opposite of feminine

women are wonderful effect

the global category "women" is viewed more positively than the global category "men" on traditional evaluative measures

stereotype content model

a model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth

low competence, high warmth examples:

disabled people, children

low competence, low warmth examples:

welfare recipients, drug addicts, immigrants

high competence, high warmth examples:

rich people, your own ingroup

high competence, low warmth examples:

jewish people, asian people

emotions associated with low competence and high warmth:

pity

emotions associated with low competence and low warmth:

contempt, disgust

emotions associated with high competence and high warmth:

admiration

emotions associated with high competence and low warmth:

envy

glass ceiling

represents an invisible barrier that prevents women from advancing to the highest levels of leadership within an organization

glass escalator

describes the phenomenon where men in traditionally female-dominated field, such as nursing or teaching, experience accelerated career advancement compared to women

glass cliff

refers to the tendency for women to be promoted to leadership positions during times of crisis or when the organization is facing challenges, where the likelihood of failure is higher

hyper masculinity

Men are expected to be strong and tough

Not feminine

precarious masculinity

the idea that manhood is more difficult to earn and easier to lose than womanhood

dual cues

occurs when an individual is presented with a single identity cue (i.e. biased statement) that activates both gender based and race based concerns simultaneously

identity safety

A psychological state in which individuals feel that their social identity will not be devalued, threatened, or dismissed in a given

context.

primary finding from Chaney et al., 2021

Women of color can experience identity-threat related to both gender and race, even if the person they're interacting with ONLY expresses sexism OR racism.

why are heterosexual men more negative towards gay men than heterosexual women?

Heterosexual men expect other men to display masculine characteristics and reject feminine characteristics, and they penalize those who do not.

According to the Crenshaw TedTalk we watched for Tuesday, what is intersectionality?

A framework that examines how multiple social identities (e.g., race, gender, class) interact to shape experiences of privilege and oppression

In his book, The Broken Ladder, what does Payne identify as a common psychological response to feeling lower in social hierarchy?

Increased risk-taking

kinsey scale

0 to 6 scale of sexuality

0 being solely heterosexual

6 being exclusively homosexual

gay marriage / adoption attitudes over time

increasing over time:

1999 - 38%

2002 - 46%

2009 - 54%

2012 - 61%

hate crimes on LGBT over time

has increased since 2005

sexual orientation hypothesis

expectation that feminine men are gay and masculine women are lesbians

why do men have more negative attitudes towards sexual minorities?

gender belief system rigidity

greater punishment for gender non conforming behavior

higher status of masculine gender role

need for closure and attitudes towards LGBTQ

high NFC = more negative attitudes towards bisexuals, but not gay men and lesbian women

NFC works above and beyond political conservatism and perspective taking

how did antigay bias change in states that did not LOCALLY legalize gay marriage after the supreme court legalized it NATIONWIDE

before the nationwide legalization and while it was still locally illegal, bias was decreasing steadily.

after nationwide legalization, bias increased.

reparative therapy

therapy to change sexual orientation; also called sexual reorientation or conversion therapy

terror management theory

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

young people cope by distancing themselves from older people

media depictions of ageism

rarely shown in print media or television

when they are, they are generally portrayed positively

when they are shown in the news or documentaries, the focus is usually negative

patronizing speech

change in conversational strategies to reflect age stereotypes

simplifying speech

using demeaning tone

superficial conversation

elder speak

extreme patronizing talk, the tendency to use baby talk in conversations with older people

high voice pitch

slower speech rate

shorter utterances

effects of self-stereotyping for older people

stereotype threat affecting performance on memory tests

higher levels of loneliness

shorter life expectancy

disability

a mental or physical impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities

pwd's

Persons with Disabilities, facing societal challenges.

extent of stigma for PWD's depends on...

concealability

aesthetically appealing

controllability

potential of danger

aesthetic anxiety

fears engendered by people whose appearance deviates markedly from the usual human form or includes physical traits regarded as unappealing

leads to shunning people who are physically unattractive

existential anxiety

perceived threat that a disability could interfere with functional capacities deemed necessary to the pursuit of a satisfied life

leads to the belief that PWDs are helpless and dependent

consequences of mental health stigma

— Stigma decreases the chances that people who need help will seek treatment

- People with mental illness are less optimistic about the future

attitudes toward mental illness are more ____ than attitudes toward physical disabilites

negative

how do non disabled people feel around PWD's?

uncertain, anxious, awkward

systemic bias

discrimination embedded in institutions and policies

historical injustices create enduring disparities

ex. red lining

Payne et al 2019 findings

white residents in counties with higher historical slavery show more pro white implicit bias today

black residents in these areas show weaker pro-white implicit bias

colorblindness

people should ignore racial and ethnic group membership and "not see" race

why doesn't color blindness work?

categorization and activation is automatic and very hard, even impossible, to control

consequences of colorblindness

reduces cognitive resources

leads to less effective communication

reduces ability to recognize discrimination

conditions for successful intergroup contact

support from authority

equal status

friendship potential

cooperative interdependence/common goals

acquaintance potential and indirect friendships

indirect friendships also help with successful intergroup contact - "my friends wouldn't be friends with someone who is ____"

factors that limit the effect of intergroup contact

intergroup anxiety

normative climate

pre-existing intergroup attitudes

contact hypothesis

The idea that stereotypes and prejudice toward a group will diminish as contact with the group increases.

anti bias training

formal or semi formal training that helps individuals understand how biases, both conscious and unconscious can influence thoughts, actions and interactions

anything meant to reduce bias

difference between anti bias trainings and anti bias interventions

trainings: help marginalized groups overcome stigma

interventions: reduce bias more generally

what is the go/no-go task?

A task that measures automatic associations by asking participants to press a "GO" key for certain paired concepts and do nothing for others.

why don't interventions/trainings work?

they don't last.

diversity structure

any kind of formal policy, initiative, or statements involving diversity, prejudice, stereotypes, equity, inclusion, belonging, etc

passive compared to anti bias trainings

what is tricky about implementing diversity structures?

as belonging, inclusion and equity among marginalized groups goes UP, threat negative emotions, and resistance among dominant groups goes UP

Broad definitions of diversity

personality, personal values, college major

counterfeit diversity

strategic misrepresentation of diversity (e.g. using images that overstate female representation)

what does misrepresentation of diversity result in?

mistrust, backfire, threat

how can organizations correct for past misrepresentation?

be sincere about lack of diversity and show attempt and desire to fix it

explain how they are lacking and how they are trying to fix it

bias confrontation

when others make us aware of our biases

how can we go about confronting?

media, social movements, interpersonally

three D's of social cots

dislike, derogation, distancing

how to lessen biased behavior

reflect and establish cues for control

which of the following is NOT a reason association-based bias training fails to produce long-term change?

The trainings only work for people who are committed to equality, but the majority of people are not.

Imagine Stephanie has been told not to rely on stereotypes when judging applications for college admissions. She does well at this first; however, after the first hour of reviewing applications, Stephanie begins to rely on stereotypes more. This phenomena is called what?

stereotype intrusion

According to the results of the Morgenroth, Axt, & Westgate (2022) paper on opposition towards transgender-inclusive policies, what was the strongest predictor of opposition to these policies?

attitudes towards transgender people

Research by Ofosu and colleagues (the authors of the article we're talking about) revealed that people in states without local legislation allowing same sex marriage showed an increase in bias about federal legislation. They conclude this may have occurred because the federal legislation sharpened some respondents' sense of threat to their lifestyle and values.

Based on what we learned in the Social Context lecture, what type of threat would this be?

symbolic threat