study behavior, study cognition, study individuals (and societies), take a scientific approach, and make careful conclusions (have reasons)
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What is behavior?
Observable actions
Individuals and societies maintain ethical standards that define good and bad behavior
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What is cognition?
Mental thinking processes
Internal thought processes that occur either unconsciously and consciously.
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Why do psychologists study cognition?
our thinking processes are central to the human experience
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Why do psychologists study behavior?
because it’s tightly linked to cognition, and what we think about becomes what we believe
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B, C, SC
Biological, Cognitive, and SocioCultural
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Anthropology
Focus on role of individuals within a society
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Sociology
Focus on how a society impacts its members
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How to come to more valid and reliable conclusions?
Study many individuals even though challenges may arise.
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What affects one’s behavior and mental processes? (are overlaps)
Society and culture
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Generalizations
conclusions made from research to apply to a group or majority of a group. they help us recognize patterns. However, because individual differences exist we must be careful how we make the generalizations.
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Stereotypes
generalizations of how people behave
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What is typical and usual?
Average
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Norm
A standard or range that helps define what is typical for an individual or group
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generalization terms
rarely, sometimes, might/may, tend to, often, usually
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Conforming
The average person will often behave with the standards/ rules of a group (sometimes via peer pressure)
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compliance
changing behavior while disagreeing with the group
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Identification
conform to the expectations of a social role
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Internalization
genuine acceptance of group norms; changing behavior to change internally
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Bystanderism
The average person is less likely to help someone in need when there are other people present. (because we believe that someone else will help them)
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Empirical Evidence
The findings of a study have been directly observed or experienced using the scientific method. Observation, experimentation.
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Anecdotal Evidence
Evidence that has been observed from someone’s personal experience, or repeated from what they’ve heard others say.
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Validity
The extent of reliability of the instruments used to measure exactly what you want to measure.
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Reliability
The extent to which the outcomes are consistent when the experiment is repeated more than once.
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The scientific method
identify the problem, gather data, create a hypothesis, test the hypothesis (experiment), does the new data agree?
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Subjective
personal, information is anything that is based on personal opinion, judgement, feelings, or point of view
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Objective
observation, information is factual and based on observations and measurements
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Confirmation Bias
biased towards people who will confirm your beliefs. Comfortable in the untruths.
The tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one’s prior beliefs or values.
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signs of confirmation bias
not seeking out objective facts, interpreting information to support your existing belief, only remembering details that will uphold your belief, ignoring information that challenges your belief.
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Individualist cultures
self goals
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Collectivist cultures
community goals
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understanding context in psychology
we might do things differently compared to others, psychology is more about causes/influences on behavior
Studied by 33 people
