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These flashcards cover key figures, concepts, and theories related to the history and application of psychology.
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Structuralism
Approach focused on breaking the mind into basic components using introspection.
Functionalism
Focus on purpose of mental processes and adaptation.
E.B. Titchener
Founder of structuralism; used introspection to analyze conscious experience into basic elements.
Margaret Washburn
First woman to earn a PhD in psychology; studied animal behavior and cognition.
Mary Calkins
Memory researcher; first female APA president; denied a PhD due to gender.
Natural Selection
Process where beneficial traits are passed on.
Positive Transfer
Previous learning helps new learning.
Negative Transfer
Previous learning interferes with new learning.
Hawthorne Effect
People perform better when observed.
Industrial/Organizational Psychology
Application of psychology to workplace behavior.
Eleanor Gamble
Early experimental psychologist known for work in perception.
Intensity
Strength of a sensation (e.g., brightness of a light).
Quality
Type of sensation (e.g., color, taste).
Duration
Length of time a sensation lasts.
Extensity
Spatial size or spread of a sensation.
Stimulus Error
Describing an object instead of the experience itself.
Herbert Spencer
Applied evolution to psychology; coined 'survival of the fittest'.
Charles Spearman
Proposed general intelligence (g factor).
Frederick Taylor
Scientific management; efficiency in work.
Philippe Pinel
Advocated humane treatment of mentally ill.
Dorothea Dix
Reformed mental hospitals.
Charles Darwin
Proposed natural selection; traits aiding survival are passed on.
Jean Lamarck
Proposed inheritance of acquired characteristics (incorrect but influential).
Erasmus Darwin
Early evolution thinker; influenced Charles Darwin.
Cyril Burt
Studied intelligence and twins; findings controversial.
Thomas Bouchard
Twin studies supporting nature vs nurture research.
Walter Dill Scott
Applied psychology to advertising and business.
George Herbert Mead
Studied social behavior and development of self.
James Rowland Angell
Defined functionalism; focused on mental operations.
George Romanes
Studied animal intelligence using anecdotal evidence.
Lloyd Morgan
Morgan's Canon: simplest explanation is best.
Lightner Witmer
Founded first psychology clinic.
Clifford Beers
Started mental hygiene movement.