Volume 4 ALL Units

What is the upper whole number of a fraction called?

The numerator

What type of fraction has a numerator that is greater than the denominator and the overall value is greater than one?

An improper fraction

How are improper fractions reduced?

By dividing the numerator by the denominator

What is a simple fraction?

A proper fraction that has been reduced to its lowest terms.

Reduce 6/18 to its lowest terms.

1/3

What is the relationship between the numerator and denominator of a complex fraction?

They both have fractions.

What happens to the value of a fraction if both the numerator and denominator are divided by the same number?

It does not change.

Decimal numbers are fractions which have denominators of, or any multiple of, what number?

Ten

What happens to any number when you move a decimal point one position to the right?

It is multiplied by 10.

What type of error can occur from using a trailing zero?

A 10-fold dosing error.

What type of zero should always precede the period of a decimal number?

Leading.

When dividing decimals, what type of number must the divisor be?

Whole.

Divide 0.6535 by 0.05.

13.07.

How do you convert a fraction to a decimal number?

By dividing the numerator by the denominator.

Express 11/4 as a decimal number.

2.75.

Convert the decimal number 3.5 to a mixed number.

3 1/2

What standard units of measure does the metric system use?

Meter for length, gram for weight, and liter for volume.

How many milliliters are there in 1 liter?

1,000.

How would you convert from grams to milligrams?

Multiply by 1,000 or move the decimal point three places to the right.

What does the term “percent” mean?

Per or out of 100.

How do you convert percentages to fractions?

Write the number that precedes the % sign over 100; then simplify the resulting fraction

Convert 25% to a fraction.

1/4

Convert 3/4 to a percentage.

75%

How do you convert a decimal value to a percent?

Multiply the decimal value by 100 or move your decimal point two places right and add the percent symbol.

What is the definition of a dose?

The amount of medication that a patient must take at one time to produce the optimum therapeutic effect

How many known quantities are needed to solve for a ratio proportion?

Three

What pharmaceutical system measures only weight and uses the grain as its smallest unit of measurement?

Avoirdupois system.

What pharmaceutical system of fluid measurement includes fluid ounces, pints, quarts, and gallons?

Apothecary system.

How many grains are there in one apothecary gram?

15.432.

What is the name of apothecary symbol ƒ℥ and exactly how many mL does it represent?

Fluid ounce, 29.57 mL.

Although there are 29.57 mL in 1 fluid ounce, what is the acceptable rounded quantity?

Thirty mL.

What are the seven basic symbols for Roman numerals and their values?

I = 1, V = 5, X = 10, L = 50, C = 100, D = 500, and M = 1,000.

Convert 45 to a Roman numeral

XLV.

Convert XIX to an Arabic numeral.

Nineteen

What does a bar written over a Roman numeral indicate?

That the numeral is multiplied by 1,000.

How many doses are contained in 480 mL, if the dosage is 30 mL?

Sixteen doses.

What dosage should be given if a total of 30 grams of medicine is to be divided into 10 doses?

Three grams.

How much codeine is needed to prepare 12 doses of a 30 mg/dose preparation?

360 mg.

How many pounds are equivalent to 1 kilogram?

2.2

The recommend dose for injectable acyclovir is 5mg/kg every eight hours. What is the total daily dosage needed for a patient who weighs 62 kg?

930mg

If the recommended daily dose of Amphotericin is 3 to 4 mg/kg, what is the dosage range for a patient weighing 220 lbs?

300-400 mg

What do you do when there is no recommended dose for a one-year old patient?

Call the provider

Why is it important to calculate the flow rates for IV infusions?

To control the total volume of fluid administered to a patient during a stated period of time.

Standard administration sets deliver 10, 15, 20, or 60 drops per milliliter; what is the 60 drop set known as?

Micro-drip.

What is the flow rate in mL/hr if 3 liters is infused over 24 hours?

125 mL/hr

What is the flow rate in mL/minute for the same 3 liters infused over 24 hours?

Two mL/min.

What is the flow rate in gtt/minute if the same 3 liters of solution are now infused over 12 hours using a 15 gtt/mL set?

62 gtt/min.

Sometimes you will be given the flow rate by the provider. If 180 mL of an antibiotic solution are to be delivered each hour, how many hours are required to administer 1500 mL?

8 hours and 20 minutes.

The provider orders 1.5 grams of aminophylline in 1,000 mL of D5W and the flow rate is set to run at 50 mL/hr. How many milligrams of aminophylline will the patient receiving per day?

1,800 mg.

How many mL per hour does the same patient above require if the recommended dose is 40mg/kg?

27 mL/hr

What is the general administration time for an IV piggyback solution?

One hour or less.

What quantity or amounts are most manufacturing formulas are based upon?

A quantity of 100 g or 1,000 mL.

What are the two ways used to reduce or enlarge a pharmaceutical formula?

Ratio proportion or factor method.

How many grams of urea crystals are needed to 3,000 grams of 10% urea in 0.1%?

297 gm

If you use the factor formula provided within this lesson to make 1,000 mL of Benzoin Tincture, and you are given 100 gm of Benzoin, 20 gm of Aloe, 80 gm of Storax, and 40 gm of Tolu Balsam, how many grams of each of these ingredients are needed to make 1 gallon?

Benzoin–378.4gm, Aloe–75.7 gm, Storax–302.7 gm, Tolu Balsam–151.4 gm.

What does a “percentage weight in volume” express?

The number of grams of a drug or active ingredient in 100 mL of a mixture.

What is the w/v of 0.5 grams of Phenobarbital in 100 mL?

0.5%

How many grams are there in 100 mL of 5% dextrose in water?

five grams

How is the concentration of a solution expressed?

By ratio strength

How are volumes expressed in percentage preparation formulas?

In milliliters.

How many milliliters of a 5% (w/v) boric acid solution can be made from 20 grams of boric acid?

400 mL

If 5 gm of a chemical is dissolved in enough water to make one liter of preparation, what is the percentage strength of the solution?

0.5%

Define “stock solutions.”

Bulk solutions of known concentration frequently prepared for convenience in dispensing; they are frequently concentrated solutions from which more dilute solutions can be quickly prepared.

How many milliliters of a 2% stock solution of potassium permanganate (KMn04) would be needed to compound 120mL of 0.02% potassium permanganate solution?

1.2 mL

How many milliliters of 10% povidone-iodine (Betadine) solution would be needed to make 4 liters of a 1:2000 Betadine solution?

20 mL

How many grams of 14% zinc oxide ointment can be made from one pound of 20% zinc oxide ointment?

648.6 gm

What is an allegation?

A method used to solve problems that involve mixing two products of different strengths to form a product having a desired intermediate strength.

On an alligation matrix, where do you enter the desired percent strength of a preparation?

Center box.

In what proportions should 95% alcohol and 50% alcohol be mixed to make 70% alcohol?

4:5

How many milliliters of 95% alcohol and 50% alcohol are required to make 200 milliliters of 70% alcohol?

88.9 mL of 95% and 111.1 mL of 50%.

What depends on your accuracy each time you calculate a dose or make a pharmaceutical preparation?

Patients’ safety.

What are the three physical states of matter?

Solid, liquid, and gas.

Name the two types of properties matter possesses.

Physical and chemical.

What is a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances?

Element.

What type of electrons are important to the bonding capabilities of atoms and the formation of bonds between elements?

Valence electrons.

Define valence

The capacity of an element to combine with another element.

What are atoms of the same element that contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons?

Isotopes.

Name the two principal types of chemical bonds.

Ionic and covalent.

What type of compound is insoluble in all liquids except water?

Ionic compounds.

What type of bonding is the result of a sharing of an electron pair between two atoms to form the bond?

Covalent.

What type of chemical reaction is the direct joining of two or more simple substances to form a more complex compound?

Combination.

What are substances that control rates of chemical reactions?

Catalysts.

What is the term for a solid or gas that is mixed into a liquid to produce a solution?

Solute.

Name the three classifications of solutions.

True solutions, suspensions, and colloidal solutions.

What are the four factors that can affect the solubility of substances?

The polarity of the solute and solvent, the solute surface area, stirring, and temperature.

What affect does increasing the temperature of a solvent have on the rate of solution?

It increases it.

How can more solvent be put into a solution, thus creating a supersaturated solution?

By applying heat.

What is a molecular substance that releases positive hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution?

An acid.

What is the pH range for acid and alkaline solutions?

0 to 6.9 and 7.1 to 14, respectively

What three mechanisms does the body use to regulate the pH of its fluids?

Buffer, respiratory, and urinary.

What is a buffer?

A chemical substance that prevents a sharp change in pH of a fluid when an acid or base is added.

What can produce acidosis in the human body?

Anything that causes a decrease in respirations.

What is the body’s last and best defense against wide variations in blood pH?

The kidneys.

In order to prevent corneal damage, what should the pH range for ophthalmic solutions be?

6.5 to 8.5.

What are the six general categories of injectable sterile dosage forms?

Solutions ready for injection; dry, soluble products (combined with a solvent prior to use); suspensions ready for injection; dry, insoluble products (combined with a vehicle prior to use); emulsions; and liquid concentrates ready for dilution prior to administration.

What are the three most common routes of parenteral administration?

Sub-Q, IM and IV.

What drugs can be injected subcutaneously?

Drugs that are very soluble and potent enough to be effective in small volumes.

In what muscles are intramuscular injections usually given?

The gluteal muscle of the buttock or in the deltoid muscle (shoulder joint and upper part of the arm area).

What route of administration is the most dangerous?

Intravenous.

What method of intravenous administration of drugs involves injecting a relatively small volume of solution (rarely exceeding 50 mL) into the vein using a needle and syringe?

IV push