History I Honors Midterm Studyguide Part 1

What important event occurred in the 1200s?

The Magna Carta was signed by King John who was forced to by his soldiers

When did the Age of Exploration occur?

1400s-1600s

When did the Renaissance occur?

1300s-1600s

When did the Protestant Reformation occur?

1500s-1600s

When did the Counter Reformation occur?

1500s-1600s

When did the Scientific Revolution occur?

1500s-1600s

When did the Enlightenment occur?

1600s-1800s

When did the English Civil War occur?

1600s

When did the Glorious Revolution occur?

1600s

What occurred during the Age of Exploration and when?

Portugal starts exploring in the late 1300s (Prince Henry the Navigator), Columbus starts exploring too for Spain in 1492 and England starts exploring in the 1600s

What occurred during the Protestant Reformation?

Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses on the door of the Church of Witenburg

What did Christopher Columbus do?

He sailed the Atlantic ocean in 1492 for Spain (King Ferdinand Queen Isabella) - he sailed WEST from Spain

Tried to find another route to Asia by sailing west through the Atlantic Ocean but ends up at in the Caribbean

Who was Christopher Columbus?

He was a Spanish explorer who found America under Spain

He was Italian

Who was Francisco Pizzaro?

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas

Who was Hernan Cortes?

A Spanish explorer who conquered the Aztecs through diseases, guns, and horses

Who was Vasco De Balboa?

A Spanish Explorer who was the first to see the Pacific Ocean by crossing Panama - sailed from Europe to India

Wo was Prince Henry the Navigator?

Portuguese explorer who was interested in Western African commerce. He expanded the territory and wealth of Portugal and spread Christianity.

How did Prince Henry the Navigator contribute to the start of the Age of Exploration?

He funds his own journeys and also funds others which in turn starts the Age of Exploration

Who was Ferdinand Magellan?

Portuguese explorer who was the first circumnavigate - sponsored by Spain

What is a circumnavigate?

A circumnavigate is someone who sails/travels the world

Who was Bartolome Dias?

A Portuguese explorer who sailed to the southern tip if Africa

Who was Samuel de Champlain?

A French explorer who found Lake Champlain which goes from NY to Canada

Who was Vasco de Gama?

A Portuguese explorer who went around the Cape of Good Hope (southern tip of Africa) to India

Who was Henry Hudson?

An English explorer who sailed for both the Dutch & British - found Hudson river which is in New York

Who was Bartolome de Las Casas?

A Spanish priest who disliked the treatment and enslavement of Native Americans

Who was Jacques Cartier?

A French explorer who found the St. Laurence river between Canada and North America

What were the reasons for the European Exploration?

God (spread of christianity), Glory (gain territory for monarchs), and Gold (gain wealth)

What was the Triangular Trade?

A three way route between America, Europe, and Africa

A voyage that captured Africans to the West Indies known as the middle passage

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The transfer of [plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World of Europe and the New World of Americans

What was the Encomienda System?

Enslaved Natives would have to pay a tribute for the encomendero (Spanish official) to protect and teach Natives Catholicism

What was the purpose of the Encomienda System? Did it work?

Enslaved natives and land (hacienda) were given to encomendero (Spanish officials). The purpose of this was to make money for Spain, reward explorers and conquistadors, and teach Natives Catholicism - it failed!

What was the Atlantic Slave Trade/Middle Passage?

Forced voyage that brought captured Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Part of the Triangular Trade

What laws ended the Encomienda System?

The New Laws of 1542

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

An agreement between Spain and Portugal over South America

Portugal would get Brazil (eastern) and Spain gets everything to the West

What is a quadrant?

A device to help locate the sun's position

What is a astrolabe?

Instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars

What is a compass?

Chinese invention that aided navigation by showing which direction was North

What is a caravel?

A small & fast Spanish/Portuguese ship of the 15th-17th centuries

Who was Michelnagelo?

An Italian sculptor, painter, architect, & poet of the High Renaissance

What did Michelangelo make?

Sistine Chapel, Pieta, David, Creation of Adam

Who patronized Michelangelo?

Medici and Pope Julius II

What did Raphael make?

Madonna, School of Athens, Wedding of the Virgin, Saint Catherine of Alexandria

What was a main theme of Raphael's art?

Humanism themes

Who patronized Raphael?

Pope Julius II

What did Leonardo create? What was he considered as?

Mona Lisa, sketches of anatomy, Last Supper, Self-Portrait

He was an Ideal Renaissance man

What was Petrarch considered as?

The father of humanism

What did Petrarch do?

He was a priest and a poet who wrote over 300 poems for Laura, a girl he saw in a church

What did Erasmus write? What is it about?

Praise of Folly - pokes fun at theologians for acting foolishly and abusing their power - satire

Example of Northern Humanist

What does satire mean?

The use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.

What did Machiavelli write? What is it about?

The Prince - states that it is better to be feared as a ruler than it is to be loved - that way people won't disobey you

What did Castiglione write? What is it about?

The Courtier - gives advice on how people should behave - humanism

What did Dante Alighieri write? What is it about?

Divine Comedy - Dante's journey through the afterlife

What did Thomas More write? What is it about?

Utopia - perfect society - communist - people should be separated and isolated from society to achieve utopia

What did Copernicus do?

Starts Scientific Revolution

Invents Heliocentric theory - thought the earth, moon, and other planets revolved around the sun

What did Galileo do?

Used his telescope and published Starry Messenger - book that described his findings about Mars

Supports Heliocentric Theory

What did Tycho Brahe do?

Sponsored by Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II

Ran most sophisticated observatory of his day - kept accurate records of his observations

What did Johannes Kepler do?

Created three laws of motion & student of Brahe

What are Kepler's three laws of motion?

Elliptical orbits, planets don't move at uniform speeds, and time it takes for planets to orbit the sun is related to distance from sun

What did Rene Descartes create?

Deduction: doubt everything- even your own existence

Cartesian Dualism - the world is made up of two types of substances - matter & mind

What did Isaac Newton create?

Laws of Universal Gravitation - mutual attraction to proportional mass

Used inductive & deductive methods - argues for a universe governed by natural laws - wrote Prinicipia Naturalism

What did Francis Bacon create and believe in?

Inductive (observation) based (scientific method)

Experience (the senses) is the best source of knowledge

Which Italian City was the birthplace of the Renaissance?

Florence

What were the Medicis?

Patrons of the arts

Where did the Medici's get their money from?

The banking industry

What does art from the middle ages primarily show?

Religious/christian icons

What does the Italian Renaissance show?

Idealism, religion, humanism

What does the Northern Renaissance depict?

Realism

What does linear perspective mean?

A system of creating an illusion of depth on a flat surface

What does contrapposto mean?

When the subject leans all their body weight on to one leg

What does chiaroscuro mean?

The treatment of light and shading

What does sfumato mean?

Italian "fumo" means smoke - subtle blending

What does the Heliocentric theory state?

The Sun is the center of the universe

What does the Geocentric theory state?

The Earth is the center of the universe

What did Martin Luther do and when? What does he start?

October 31 1517 - Luther posted his 95 Theses on the door of the Church in Wittenburg

Started reformation, religious wars, and peasant revolt

What did Johann Gutenberg do?

Created the Gutenberg printing press which printed the Bible in vernacular language - made knowledge more accessible

Who was Johann Tetzle?

Priest that sold indulgences - Luther hated him

Who was Ignatius Layola?

Made the Jesuits, converted people to Christianity, wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism

What did Charles V do?

Holy Roman Emperor who declared Luther a heretic and excommunicated him, fought in Religious wars and won but failed to bring Germany back to Catholic Church

What did Pople Leo X do?

In 1520, the Pope threatened Luther with excommunication unless he took back his statements

What was John Calvin?

French theologist - believed in predestination and started Calvinism - created a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland

What did John Knox do?

Spread Calvinism to Scotland - followers called Presbyterians

What did Ulrich Zwingli do?

Catholic priest in Zurich (Switzerland) influenced by Christian Humanist ideas of Erasmus & Luther

1520 - attacks Catholic Church and destroyed icons (inconlast)

Started anabaptist

Who was Pope Paul III?

Assembled Council of Trent in 1543 - met too reaffirm traditional Catholic doctrines while addressing church issues

Who was Pope Paul IV?

Established index of prohibited books

Who was Henry VIII?

King of England - wanted a male heir - had six wives

Broke away from Catholic church (created Anglicanism) to divorce his first wife - creates act of supremacy

What is the Act of Supremacy?

Dismisses the power of the Pope and gives the king/queen the power

Who was Catherine of Aragon?

Mother of Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary)

First wife of Henry VIII - Catholic - he broke away from Catholic Church to divorce her because she could not give birth to a male son

Who was Jane Seymour?

Mother of Edward VI - died after giving birth to him

Third wife of Henry VIII

Who was Edward VI?

He became king at nine years old

He was Anglican - created Church services in English and published Book of Common Prayer - Englands only form of legal worship

Who was Mary I?

Bloody Mary - killed many protestants

Placed her sister Elizabeth under house arrest (feared she would take the throne)

Catholic

Who was Queen Elizabeth?

"Virgin Queen" - never married

Ruled via media - creates Act of Uniformity

Kills Mary Queen of Scots because of Babington plot

Anglican

What is the Act of Uniformity?

Made church attendance mandatory and kept some Catholic traditions

What was the Babington plot?

A plan to murder Elizabeth and put Mary Queen of Scots on the throne

What are Martin Luther beliefs?

Salvation by faith alone

Believers interpret the bible

Sacraments - Baptism and communion

Doesn't believe in transubstantiation

What are John Calvin's beliefs?

Salvation by faith alone

Believes in predestination

Believers interpret the Bible

Sacraments - Baptism and Eucharist

Doesn't believe in transubstantiation

What is predestination?

God has already determined whether you go to heaven or hell and nothing you do can change that decision

What are the Catholic beliefs?

Salvation by faith & good works

Doesn't believe in predestination

Priests interpret the bible

Seven sacraments

Believes in transubstantiation

Where does the Protestant reformation start?

Wittenburg, Holy Roman Empire

When does the Protestant Reformation start?

Oct 31, 1517

What is Luther's problem with the Church?

Corruption