Social Development Quiz 4

pretend play

Make‐believe activity in which objects are used symbolically.

associative play

Interaction in which young children share toys, materials, and sometimes conversation, but are not engaged in a joint project.

cooperative play

Interaction in which children share goals and work together to achieve them.

parallel play

Interaction in which very young children are doing the same thing, often side by side, but are not engaged with each other.

social comparison

The process by which people evaluate their own abilities, values, and other qualities by comparing themselves with others, usually their peers.

social sensitivity

A heightened awareness of the social world and regarding social evaluations.

sociometric technique

A procedure for determining a child's status within her or his peer group; each child in the group either nominates others whom she or he likes best and least or rates each child in the group for desirability as a companion.

popular children

Youngsters who are liked by many peers and disliked by very few.

average children

Youngsters who have some friends but who are not as well liked as popular children.

neglected children

Youngsters who are often socially isolated and, although they are not necessarily disliked, have few friends.

controversial children

Youngsters who are liked by many peers but also disliked by many.

rejected children

Youngsters who are disliked by many peers and liked by very few.

perceived popularity

Ratings of how well a child is liked by his or her peers, made by teachers, parents, and children.

aggressive-rejected children

Youngsters who are not accepted by their peers because of their low level of self‐control and high level of aggression.

nonaggressive-rejected children

Excluded youngsters who tend to be anxious, withdrawn, and socially unskilled.

socially reticent-anxious children

watch others from afar, remain unoccupied in social company, and hover near but do not engage in interaction.

socially uninterested-unsociable children

Socially uninterested–unsociable children are not anxious or fearful but simply refrain from social interaction because they prefer to play alone

mutual antipathy

A relationship of mutual dislike between two people.

reputational bias

Tendency to interpret peers' behavior on the basis of past encounters with and feelings about them.

homophily

The tendency of individuals to associate and bond with others who are similar.

negative gossip

Adverse or detrimental information shared about another child with a peer.

self-disclosure

The honest sharing of information of a personal nature, often with a focus on problem solving; a central means by which adolescents and others develop friendships.

peer group networks

The cluster of peer acquaintances who are familiar with and interact with one another at different times for common play or task‐oriented purposes.

dominance hierarchy

An ordering of individuals in a group from most to least dominant; a “pecking order.”

clique

A exclusive peer group formed on the basis of friendship.

crowd

A collection of people whom others have stereotyped on the basis of their perceived shared attitudes or activities—for example, populars or nerds.

gang

A group of adolescents or adults who form an allegiance for a common, often deviant purpose.

gender typing

The process by which children acquire the values, motives, and behaviors considered appropriate for their gender in their particular culture.

gender-based beliefs

An idea that differentiates males and females.

gender identity

The perception of oneself as either male or female.

gender role preferences

A desire to possess certain gender‐typed characteristics.

gender stability

The fact that gender, as defined by chromosomal make‐up, does not change over time.

gender constancy

The awareness that superficial alterations in appearance or activity do not alter gender.

Gender stereotypes

Belief that members of a culture hold about acceptable and appropriate attitudes, interests, activities, psychological traits, social relationships, occupations, and physical appearance for males and females.

Gender roles

Composite of the behaviors actually exhibited by a typical male or female in a given culture; the reflection of a gender stereotype in everyday life.

expressive characteristics

Aspects of a person that involve nurturance and concern with feelings. They are more typical of girls and women.

instrumental characteristics

Aspects of a person involving task and occupation orientation. They are more typical of males.

Social brain regions

The ratio of gray matter to white matter is relatively larger in female brains than in male brains, particularly in what regions?

identification

The Freudian concept that children think of themselves as being the same as their same‐sex parent.

gender-schema theory

The view that children develop schemas, or naive theories, that help them organize and structure their experience related to gender differences and gender roles.

cognitive developmental theory of gender typing

Kohlberg's theory that children use physical and behavioral clues to differentiate gender roles and to gender type themselves very early in life.

social cognitive theory of gender development

An explanation of gender role development that uses cognitive social learning principles such as observational learning, positive and negative feedback, and the concept of self‐efficacy.

social structural theory of gender roles

An explanation of gender roles that focuses on factors such as institutionalized constraints on male and female opportunities in educational, occupational, and political spheres.

multischematic

Possessing multiple ideas about appropriate behaviors that can be displayed depending on the particular situation.

gender segregation

A child's choice to spend time with same‐gender peers.

androgynous

Possessing both feminine and masculine psychological characteristics.

stage-environment fit

The degree to which the environment supports a child's developmental needs.

open classroom

A relatively unstructured organization in which different areas of the room are devoted to particular activities and children work either alone or in small groups under the teacher's supervision.

flipped classroom

Classrooms in which students spend most of their time engaged in interactive learning activities, such as debates or peer reviews, with the teacher helping as needed and giving personalized feedback.

cooperative learning

A teaching technique in which small groups of students work together.

peer tutoring

A method of instruction in which an older, more experienced student tutors a younger, less experienced child.

no

Are homeschooled children developmentally disadvantaged?

Pygmalion effect

A phenomenon in which teachers' expectations that students will do well are realized.

self-fulfilling prophecy

Positive or negative expectations that affect a person's behavior in a manner that he or she (unknowingly) creates situations in which those expectations are fulfilled.

latchkey children

Youngsters who must let themselves into their homes after school because their parents are working outside the home.

Natural mentors

Individuals beyond the nuclear family such as extended family members, family friends, neighbors, teachers, coaches, after‐school program staff, and religious group leaders who provide support and guidance to children and youth.

desensitization

Classical conditioning therapy used to overcome phobias and fears through exposure to increasingly intense versions of the feared stimulus; the process by which people show diminished emotional reaction to a repeated stimulus or event.

magic window making

The tendency of very young children to believe that television images are as real as real‐life people and objects.