Part 1 - Unit 4 Vocabulary APUSH

War Hawk

members of Congress who put pressure on President James Madison to declare war against Britain in 1812

Henry Clay

advocated for the American System, a national economic program promoting protective tariffs, a national bank, and federal funding for internal improvements

John C Calhoun

argued for states' rights to declare federal laws unconstitutional (development of sectionalism in the United States)

Tecumseh Prophet

forging the largest pan-Native American alliance to resist U.S. expansion at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811

William Henry Harrison

military leadership at the Battle of Tippecanoe and Battle of the Thames

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle in which Native Americans united by Tecumseh and Prophet fought against General William Henry Harrison's forces and lost

Strict interpretation

forbids the government from doing anything except what the Constitution specifically empowers it to do

John Marshall

fourth Chief Justice who established the principles of judicial review through the Marbury v Madison

Judicial Review

the power to declare laws unconstitutional

Marbury v Madison

principle of checks and balances among the three branches of government; shows the legislative or executive couldn't operate without the Judicial branch

Aaron Burr

Vice President under Thomas Jefferson; known for his rivalry with Alexander Hamilton and risen from the election of 1800

Quids

a Democratic-Republican faction, also called "old Republicans", who opposed the mainstream policies of leaders

Harford Convention

New England Federalists response to dissatisfaction with the War of 1812, proposing constitutional amendments to protect regional interests (causing the decline of Federalist Party's)

Napoleon Bonaparte

a French military leader and emperor who rose to prominence during the French Revolution who sold the Louisiana Territory

Toussaint L'Ouverture

leader of the Haitian Revolution (successful)

Cheesecake-Leopard Affair

naval conflict between the United States and Great Britain event sparked outrage in the United States to the eventual outbreak of the War of 1812.

Embargo Act

law passed by President Thomas Jefferson that banned American ships from trading with Britain and France

James Madison

fourth President of the United States; father of constituation; oversaw the War of 1812

Nonintercourse Act

replacement of Embargo Act, law that prohibited American ships from trading in all foreign ports pressuring Britain and France but ultimately harming the U.S. economy (unsuccessful)

Macon Bill's NO.2

(reopened trade) attempted to restore trade with either Britain or France depending on who would respect U.S

War of 1812

conflict between the United States and Great Britain caused byImpressment (cheesecake-leopard affair), Trade Restrictions (Embargo Act, nonintercourse act) Frontier Pressures(war of tippecannoe), War Hawks (patriots)

Old Ironsides

an American warship in 1812

Battle of Lake Erie

The American fleet, despite being outnumbered, used strategic tactics to achieve a decisive victory. where Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry's fleet defeated the British

Oliver Hazard Perry

naval officer that defeated a British squadron on Battle of Lake Erie

Thomas Macdonough

Navy officer best known for his decisive leadership in the Battle of Plattsburgh

Andrew Jackson

seventh President empowerment of the "common man" and led to the founding of the modern Democratic Party

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

opening up vast Creek lands for U.S. expansion, launching Andrew Jackson's national career, and foreshadowing future aggressive U.S. Indian policies

Creek nation

American Indian people originally from the southeastern United States; who resisted European expansion and the Indian Removal Act

Battle of New Orleans

final major battle of the War of 1812

Treaty of Ghent

an agreement between the United States and Great Britain. It formally ended the War of 1812

Lewis & Clarke expedition

American explorers commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson to chart the newly acquired western territories after the Louisiana Purchase

Francis Scott Key

who wrote the lyrics to the Star Spangled Banner after witnessing the Battle of Fort McHenry

The Star-Spangled Banner

the national anthem, written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812 after witnessing the flag fly over Fort McHenry, symbolizing American resilience

Era of Good Feelings

from roughly 1817 to 1825, characterized by a sense of national unity and political harmony

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

James Monroe

turning point in U.S. foreign policy; growing confidence and its intention to become a dominant power in the Western Hemisphere

Cultural nationalism

the belief in the superiority and distinctiveness of American culture

Economic nationalism

policy approach that emphasizes the importance of domestic industries and prioritizes national economic interests over international

Tarriff of 1816

enacted to protect the nation's growing industries from foreign competition

Protective tariff

a tax on imported goods designed to make them more expensive, thereby encouraging consumers to purchase less-expensive, domestically produced goods

Henry Clay (American system)

economic plan by Henry Clay, featuring a national bank, protective tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements like roads and canals

Second Bank of the US

a national bank intended to stabilize the American economy after the War of 1812, manage federal funds, provide a uniform currency, and act as a commercial bank for businesses

Panic of 1819

first major economic depression in the United States, characterized by a sudden collapse in the post-War of 1812 economy,

Lancaster Turnpike

tollgate" that inspired a movement for graded and paved roads across the Northeast; facilitated the movement of goods and people

National ROad (Cumberland)

the first major highway funded by the federal government

Erie Canal

New York State-built canal that connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean via the Hudson River and Albany

Steamboats (Robert Fulton)

steam-powered vessels that revolutionized early 19th-century American inland transportation

Railroads

the massive expansion of railway networks facilitating westward expansion by connecting regions

interchangeable parts (Eli Whitney)

standardized, identical components that can be mass-produced and easily substituted for one another in a manufacturing process

Corporations

legal entities that are separate from their owners, allowing them to operate as independent businesses with rights and responsibilities

Samuel Slater

Father of the American Industrial Revolution" and the "Father of the Factory System" for bringing British textile technology to the United States

Factory System

the centralization of manufacturing where workers and machinery were brought together in a single location to produce goods on a large scale

Textile mills (Lowell system)

labor and production model in the textile industry that relied on young, unmarried women ("Mill Girls") from rural areas for its workforce

industrialization

process of transforming an economy from primarily agricultural to one based on the manufacturing of goods

Unions

the federal government and the northern states that remained loyal

Cotton Gin

mechanical device patented by Eli Whitney in 1793 that efficiently separated cotton fibers from seeds, significantly increasing the speed and scale of cotton processing

Market Revolution

transformation of the American economy from local, subsistence-based production to a national market economy driven by increased productivity, innovation in manufacturing and agriculture, and the expansion of transportation and communication networks

Fletcher v Peck

established the principle of judicial review over state legislation

McCulloch v Maryland

landmark Supreme Court case decided in 1819 that established the principles of federalism and the supremacy of federal law over state law

Dartmouth College v Woodward

promoting the idea that private corporations have rights similar to individuals under the law

Gibbons v Ogden

landmark Supreme Court case decided in 1824 that clarified the scope of Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce

implied powers

government authorities not explicitly listed in the Constitution but are understood to be necessary for the federal government to carry out its enumerated (listed) powers

Tallmadge amendment

gradual emancipation of enslaved people already in Missouri and prohibited further importation of enslaved individuals

Missouri compromise

admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state to maintain the balance of power in the Senate; boundary for slavery in the Louisiana Purchase at the 36°30′ parallel

treaty of 1818

agreement between the United States and Great Britain that established the 49th parallel as the border between the two countries from Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains

Stephen Decatur

pivotal American naval hero from the War of 1812 and the subsequent Second Barbary War

Rush-Bagot Agreement

treaty signed in 1817 between the United States and Great Britain that aimed to limit naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain

Adams-Onis Treaty

an 1819 agreement between the United States and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S

Monroe Doctrine

an 1819 agreement between the United States and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the two nations

Old Northwest sectionalism

development of a strong, distinct regional identity in the states west of the Allegheny Mountains

Free African Americans

individuals of African descent who were not enslaved and had gained their freedom, primarily in the northern and border states

planters

wealthy Southern slave landowner

codes of chivalry

ideal of honor, courage, and courtesy that white males in the Southern United States adopted to govern their behavior and maintain social order,

poor whites

impoverished, often non-slaveholding, white Southerners in the pre-Civil War era who occupied a low social status

hillbillies

poor Southern farmers without slaves

mountains men the west

Appalachian Mountains

the frontier

line that separates settled areas of the United States from undeveloped wilderness

nativist

individuals or groups that advocate for the interests of native-born inhabitants over those of immigrants

America supreme order of the Star-spangled banner

secret nativist society that advocated for anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic policies in the United States,

Know-nothing party

political organization that emerged to restrict immigration and limit the political rights of immigrants

American Indians removal

signed by President Andrew Jackson, that authorized the forced removal of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands

Irish potato famine

period of mass starvation and disease in Ireland caused by potato crop failures due to blight

Roman Catholic

largest Christian denomination, characterized by its hierarchical structure with the Pope as its head

Tammany hall

Democratic Party's political machine that dominated; provided social services and resources immigrants and the urban poor in exchange for their votes and loyalty

the slave industry

system where enslaved Africans were exploited for labor, particularly for cash crop production in the American colonies

King cotton Eli Whitney

Southern economy's extreme reliance on cotton as a profitable cash crop

peculiar institution

the system of chattel slavery in the Southern United States, which Southern whites considered unique and essential to their society and economy

Denmark Vesey

an African American leader and formerly enslaved man in Charleston, South Carolina, who planned a major slave revolt in Charleston

Nat Turner

leader of the 1831 Virginia slave rebellion fueled by religious visions and the desire for freedom

Slave Codes code of Chivalry

colonial and state laws that regulated the lives of enslaved people, defining them as property and denying them basic rights

Industrial Revolution Unions

organized groups of workers who formed to fight for better wages, shorter workdays, and safer working conditions in factories and other industries

commonwealth v hunt ten-hour workday

landmark legal case by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court that declared labor unions to be legal organizations

Cyrus McCormick

an Irish-American inventor who developed the mechanical reaper(a horse-drawn machine that mechanized grain harvesting, allowing farmers to cut crops much faster than with scythes)

john Deere

his invention of the first commercially successful self-scouring steel(allowing settlers to more easily cultivate tough soil)

Daniel webster

Secretary of State; delivering a famous "Seventh of March" speech to argue for compromise to prevent civil war

environmental damage

detrimental effects on the environment caused by human activities(industrialization, urbanization, and resource extraction), leading to the deterioration of ecosystems and the depletion of natural resources

extinction

when no individuals of a species exist anywhere on Earth

Indian removal act

a law passed in 1830 under President Andrew Jackson that authorized the forced relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral homelands east of the Mississippi River