Lecture Exam 3

Narcolepsy

sudden sleepiness and periods of sleep, difficulty staying awake.

Supination

turn to face forwards

Contractures

imbalance between opposing muscles

Joint Contractures

abnormal fixation that occurs as a result of changes to muscle and connective tissue

Osteoporosis

Weakening of the bones

Foot drop

contracture that results in partial inability to pull the toes up towards the heel

Diuresis

urination

Viscosity

how thick a liquid is

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

blood clot that develops in one or more veins

Pulmonary Embolism

blood clot that breaks off and travels to the lungs via the bloodstream

Thrombus

blood clot

Pneumonia

when fluid in the lungs gets infected

Stasis

stillness

Peristalsis

movement of food through the GI tract

Renal Calculi

kidney stones

Orthostatic Hypotension

Blood pressure drops 10mg when you stand up after sitting/laying down, may pass out

Diaphoresis

sweating

Kyphosis

outward curvature of the thoracic area of the spine

Flexion

bend, reduce angle between bones

Extension

straighten the limb

Abduction

move away from the midline

Adduction

bring closer to the midline

Pronation

turning to face backwards

Circumduction

circular motion

Rotation

side to side

Inversion

turn inward

Eversion

turn outward

Infancy

two days-first years, dramatic physical, cognitive, social, and emotional growth. Brain development through stimulation

Toddlerhood

preschool

Middle childhood

between preschool and adolescence, slow and consistent growth, posture changes, muscle strength increases, environment expands

Adolescence,

preteens/teens, puberty between 11-13, personal identity, peers are the primary focus, risk-taking, increased attention span

Young Adulthood

No defined age, physical growth 20, brain maturation 25, role transition to “adult hood”

Middle Adulthood

mid 40s early 60s, time of growth and progression, redistributed weight, muscle strength decreases, sandwich generation mid-life crisis

Older adulthood

65, compromise the largest group of people in the U.S., pneumococcal vaccine

Late adulthood

80+, limited functionality, loss of bone and muscle mass, diminished ROM, memory problems, promote independence

Infancy (Erikson’s)

0-1, Trust vs. Mistrust, nourishment and affection will be met

Early Childhood (Erikson’s)

1-3, Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt, develop sense of independence in many tasks

Play Age (Erikson’s)

3-6, Initiative vs. Guilt, takes initiative on activities-may develops guilt when unsuccessful

School Age (Erikson’s)

7-11, industry vs. inferiority, develops self confidence in abilities

Adolescence (Erikson’s)

12-18, Identity vs. Confusion, experiment with and develops identity and roles

Early Adulthood (Erikson’s)

19-29, Intimacy vs. Isolation, establish intimacy and relationships with others

Middle Age (Erikson’s)

30-64, Generativity vs, Stagnation, contribute to society and be part of a family

Old Age (Erikson’s)

65+, Integrity vs. Despair assesses and makes sense of life and the meaning of contributions

Circadian Rhythm

recurs every 24 hours, controls the sleep-wake cycle

Sleep-wake homeostasis

causes the body to become tired after your awake for a certain amount of time

Stage 1 Sleep Cycle

NREM, lightest stage of sleep, 1-5 min, can be easily awakened, feels like your falling asleep, may experience twitching or jerking

Stage 2 Sleep Cycle

• Stage 2- more challenging to awaken, heart rate and body temperature decrease, the first cycle lasts about 25 minutes, and consumes 50% of total sleep.

Early Adulthood (Erikson’s)

19-29, Intimacy vs. Isolation, establish intimacy and relationships with others

Stage 4 Sleep Cycle

REM, the dreaming stage, starts 90 min after falling asleep, the initial cycle is 10 min and it progresses to one hour

Total Sleep Deprivation

no sleep

Partial Sleep Deprivation

reduced hours fo sleep

Chronic Sleep Deprivation

consistently falling short of sleep hours

Clustering Care

providing care all at once to prevent the patient from having to wake up more than once

Sleep-wake homeostasis

causes the body to become tired after your awake for a certain amount of time

Stage 1 Sleep Cycle

NREM, lightest stage of sleep, 1-5 min, can be easily awakened, feels like your falling asleep, may experience twitching or jerking

Stage 2 Sleep Cycle

• Stage 2- more challenging to awaken, heart rate and body temperature decrease, the first cycle lasts about 25 minutes, and consumes 50% of total sleep.

Stage 3 Sleep Cycle

deepest sleep lasts up to 40 minutes, pulse and respirations are at their lowest, body starts repairs

Stage 4 Sleep Cycle

REM, the dreaming stage, starts 90 min after falling asleep, the initial cycle is 10 min and it progresses to one hour

Total Sleep Deprivation

no sleep

Partial Sleep Deprivation

reduced hours fo sleep

GABA Agonists (benzodiazepines)

GABA Agonists are produced by the brain to cause the body to be tired, medications have GABA to promote the production

Clustering Care

providing care all at once to prevent the patient from having to wake up more than once

Sleep-wake homeostasis

causes the body to become tired after your awake for a certain amount of time

Selective Sleep Deprivation

deliberately depriving a client of a specific sleep cycle

Infancy Vaccinations

Hep B (at birth), Rotavirus, DTaP, pneumococcal, covid, and influenza

Phantom taste perception

foul taste when mouth is empty

Hypogeusia

decreased taste ability

Ageusia

inability in taste

Dysgeusia

persistent salty, rancid, or metallic taste

Anosmia

inability to smell

hyposmia

reduced smell perception

parosmia

altered odor perception

phantosmia

perceiving nonexistent smells

Decorticate rigidity

flex job and internal rotation of upper extremity joint and legs

Decerebrate rigidity

neck/elbow extension. with wrists and fingers flexed

Alert

Responsive, able to open eyes

Lethargic

able to open eyes and respond, drowsy, falls asleep easily

Obtunded

responded to light shaking, confused / slow to respond

Stuporous

sternal rub

Comatose

no response to repeated painful stimuli. Abnormal posturing may occur

Dementia

brain damage, not reversable

Delirium

sudden onset

Expressive Aphasia (Brocas)

due to damage of frontal lobe. may understand speech, but unable to speak desired words. often easily frustrated.

Comprehensive Aphasia (Wernickes)

fluent aphasia, damage to temporal lobe, speaks in long sentences without meaning, made up words. Will not understand and don’t realize that you don’t understand them.

Romberg test

stand with feet together, arms at both sides, eyes closed. minimal swaying, shouldn’t move

Two point discrimination

paper clips

stereognosis

familiar object ID

Graphesthesia

trace number in clients palm and have them identify

diphenhydramine

benedryl

1.) Olfactory Nerve

sensory to nose for smell. ask client to identify specific smells. ex.) coffee, peppermint

2.) Optic

sensory to eye for vision. test visual activity using Snellen chart or by having client read printed materials

3.) Oculomotor

motor to eye. check extraocular movements by assessing the 6 directions of gaze. Check PERRLA

4.) Trochlear

motor to eye, assess the 6 directions of gaze

5.) Trigeminal

sensory to face. motor to muscles of jaw. Assess cornea reflex . Palpate massester muscles at temple while client clenches jaw. Check sensation by lightly touching the face with a cotton ball

6.) Abducens

motor to eye. assess the 6 directions of gaze

7.) Facial

sensory to tongue for taste. motor to face for expression, symmetry when client smiles/raises and lowers eyebrows. check sweet/salty on tongue

8.) Auditory/Vestibulocochlear

sensory to ear for hearing/balance. check ears/observe gait

9.) Glossopharyngeal

sensory to tongue for taste. motor to pharnyx (throat). use tongue blade to check gag reflux. assess the ability to swallow

10.) Vagus

sensory to pharynx, motor to vocal cords. have client say “ah”. assess pulse and bowel sounds

11.) Spinal Accessory Nerve

motor to muscles of neck. observe head side to side. shrug shoulders