biol 103-001 (copy)

if a solute moves through the cell membrane with a protein form a n area of low concentration to high concentration

if a solute moves through the cell membrane with a protein form a n area of low concentration to high concentration

Active transport

all cells share the same key features except

cell wall

what in penicillin breaks down cell walls

peptidoglycan

What is this?

nucleic acid

if a cell is 20% salt and it is placed into a solution with 30% salt, where will the water in the cell go

out of the cell

if a cell is 20% salt and it is placed into a solution with 30% salt, what type of solution is it

hypertonic

iof a cell were unable to take up or make sugars, which class of molecules would it be unable to make (2 answers)

carbohydrates and nucleic acids

as an acidic compound dissolves in water, the pH of the water contains more

H+ ions

what part of the cell acts like a post office

golgi apparatus

testosterone is an example of a

lipid

which organelle is responsible for creating phospholipids

smooth er

in a controlled experiment, which group obtains a placebo

control group

the cell membrane is made up of (2 answers)

proteins and phospholipids

what does the enzyme act upon

substrate

breaks down larger structures

anabolic

build smaller structures into larger structures

catabolic

packages and transports proteins

golgi apparatus

A process where experts in the same field as the investigator review scientific studies before it is published in order to ensure that the research is high quality and that the authors have interpreted the study correctly

peer review

A hypothesis that can be supported or rejected by carefully designed experiments or observational studies

testable

A hypothesis that can be ruled out by data that show that the hypothesis does not explain the observation

falsifiable

Observation Hypothesis Test Result Theory

scientific process

Group that experiences the intervention

Experimental group

Group that experiences no intervention

control group

The variable being changed in the experimental group

independent variable

The variable being measured and analyzed from the changes to the experimental group

dependent variable

False treatment given to mimic the experience of the experimental groups

Placebo

What is not a shared feature in all types of cells

Mitochondria

Lacks membrane bound organelles

Bacteria

contain membrane bound organelles and a nucleus

Eukaryotes

bonds between a metal and a nonmetal, electrons are donated from one atom to another

ionic bond

bonds between two nonmetals, two atoms share electrons

covalent bond

if a solution is basic, it contains more...

OH- ions

if a solution is more acidic, it contains more...

H+ ions

A phospholipid bilayer with protein that forms the boundary of all cells

cell membrane

A type of lipid that forms the cell membrane

Phospholipid

the head of the phospholipid

hydrophilic

the tail of the phospholipid

hydrophobic

common elements in the body (CaNCHOP)

Calcium Nitrogen Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Phosphorus

Organic molecule made up of one or more sugars, stores short-term energy

Carbohydrate

Glucose, fructose, galactose

monosaccharides/monomers

Starch, cellulose

polysaccharides/polymers

Organic macromolecule made up of amino acid subunits, diverse functions (structural, protective, transport, etc.) includes enzymes

proteins

amino acids

protein monomers

Proteins

protein polymers

Organic molecule that generally repel water, provides the most energy out of the macromolecules, includes cholesterol, hormones, and phospholipids

Lipids

Fatty Acids

lipid monomers

Carbon atoms are single bonded to each other making the hydrocarbons pack more tightly against each other, solid at room temp

Saturated

Some of the carbon atoms are double bonded to each other creating a kink, hydrocarbons do not pack as tightly, liquid at room temp

Unsaturated

Organic molecule made up of linked nucleotide subunits, creates DNA and RNA

Nucleic acids

Nucleotides

nucleic acid monomers

always unicellular

bacteria

has a nucleus

eukaryote

can reproduce or replicate

all cell types

has a cell wall, ribosomes, and cytoplasm

all types of cells

encloses the cell's DNA

nucleus

synthesizes proteins

endoplasmic reticulum

ER that contains ribosome bound organelles

rough ER

ER that produces lipids

smooth ER

Packages and transports proteins made in rough ER

Golgi Apparatus

Convert energy into a useful form

mitochondria

Captures and converts sunlight into energy; only in plants and algae

chloroplast

Break down old cell parts or molecules

Lysosomes

Provides cell support, cell movement, and movement of structures within the cells

cytoskeleton

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high to low concentration

osmosis

Solution has lower solute concentration than the cell; Water moves into the cell, cell swells up

Hypotonic solution

Solution has same concentration as the cell; No net movement, cell stays the same

Isotonic solution

Solution has higher solute concentration than cell; Water moves out of the cell, cell shrinks

Hypertonic solution

Macromolecule found in all bacterial cell walls that give it rigidity

Peptidoglycan

Small, uncharged molecules move from high to low concentration without using energy

simple diffusion

Proteins involved in the movement of molecules and ions across a cell membrane

transport proteins

Large or hydrophilic molecules use transport proteins to move molecules from high to low concentration without using energy

facilitated diffusion

Large or hydrophilic molecules move from low to high concentration using transport proteins and energy; requires energy

active transport

weakens cell walls with peptidoglycan which is effective because only bacteria have cells walls containing peptidoglycan. Interferes with cell wall synthesis allowing the cells to fill up with water and burst from osmosis

penicillin

A chemical that can slow or stop the growth of bacteria

antibiotic

Changes in bacteria that cause them to not respond to antibiotics caused by random mutation or gene transfer

antibiotic resistance

An infectious agent that reproduce and pass their genetic information to new viruses but are not made of cells.

viruses

A medical condition resulting from a lack of essential nutrients in the diet

malnutrition

Components in food that the body needs to grow, develop, and repair itself

nutrients

Process of breaking down huge food molecules into smaller pieces so that our body can use them

digestion

Nutrients that can’t be made by the body, so it must be obtained from the diet

essential nutrients

Amino acids that can’t be made by the body, it must be obtained in the pre-assembled form from the diet

essential amino acids

A complex carbohydrate made up of linked glucose molecules, a source of stored energy

starch

All biochemical reactions occurring in an organism

metabolism

Nutrients that organisms must ingest in large amounts to maintain health

macronutrients

Carbohydrates are broken down into

simple sugars

proteins are broken down into...which are used to assemble new proteins

amino acids

Fats are broken down into...and...which are used to build membranes and form cell membranes

fatty acids and glycerol

Nutrients that organisms must ingest in small amounts to maintain health

micronutrients

Inorganic elements (ex. Ca, Fe, K, Zn)

minerals

Organic molecules (A, C, B12)

vitamins

An inorganic substance required to activate an enzyme (mineral)

coenzymes

An organic molecule required to activate an enzyme (vitamin)

cofactor

Protein that speeds up a chemical reaction

enzyme

Molecule where an enzyme binds on and which it acts

substrate

Part of an enzymes that binds to the substrate

active site

Process of speeding up the rate of a chemical reaction

catalysis

Energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed

activation energy