Unit 2 Bio H

What are six properties that living things display?

Make organic molecules of life; have at least one cell; self-sustaining processes for life like metabolism; change overtime; use DNA as hereditary material for reproduction; evolve over generations

The 4 parts to cell theory?

All organisms have at least one cell; the cell is the structural/functional unit of organisms, it is individually alive and the smallest unit of life; cells arise by the separation of preexisting cells; cells have hereditary material to pass to their offspring when divided

What are five things that all prokaryotic cells have?

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, free floating DNA, a cell wall, and ribosomes

What is surface to volume ratio? How does it change cells?

The volume of a cell increases with the cube of the diameter, and the surface area increases with the square. The cell membrane is limited to this, as the membrane can only handle metabolism at a certain rate across a small distance

What are the size of prokaryotic cells?

Small, 1-10um

Describe 5 characteristics of prokaryotic cells

Simple, only uni cellulared; no nucleus; no membrane-bound organelles; has ribosomes; the DNA is in a circular continuous strand

Examples of a prokaryotic cell?

bacteria and archaea

Size of eukaryotic cells?

Large, 10-100um

What are the 4 characteristics of eukaryotic cells?

Complex, can be multi cellular or uni cellular; has nucleus; has membrane-bound organelles; has chromosomes for DNA

Examples of eukaryotic cells?

Animals, plants, fungi, and protists

What do animal cells have that plant cells do not have?

Centriols, vesicle, and a small temporary vacuole

What are 3 things that plant cells have that animal cells don’t?

A cell wall, a large permanent vacuole, and chloroplast

What 4 things do all cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, have in common? 

Cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and DNA

Magnification of scanning power (red)?

4x

Magnification of eyepiece?

10x

Magnification of low power (yellow)

10x

Magnification of high power (blue)

40x

Magnification of oil immersion lens (white)

100x

Total magnification means what?

Multiplying the magnification of an objective lens and the eyepiece

What to never do what while using high power lens?

Never use coarse adjustment, you will crack the slide and lose focus

What type of microscope to use when viewing the cells within a plant leaf?

Compound Light

What microscope to use to view eyespots on a swimming flatworm in culture dish?

Dissection/stereoscope

Microscope to use when viewing the inside of chloroplasts (in a plant cell)

TEM

What microscope to use when viewing the details on the surface of a pollen grain?

SEM

Advantage of an electron microscope?

More detail

Disadvantage of an electron microscope?

Expensive, uses gold

What microscope has better resolution? What does this mean?

SEM, the image is detailed

Compound light microscope description, use, and magnification

At least 2 lenses; views small living organisms and preserved cells; up to 1500x with resolution decreasing with magnification

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) description, use, and magnification

Beam of electrons go through thin specimen; views internal detail of dead organisms/organelles; up to 200,000x

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) description, use, and magnification

Beam of electrons scan gold coated specimen to produce a 3D image; views surface of dead organisms; up to 100,000x

Steroscope/dissection microscope description, use, and magnification

2 eyepieces produce 3D image; used to dissect large specimen; up to 40x

What is ATP?

This stores energy until a cell needs it, and when it does require the energy, it breaks part of the molecule to release energy.

Name the three parts (in order): The molecule on the top left, the molecule in the center, and the three groups on the right

Adenine, ribose, phosphate groups

What happens in ATP Decomposition?

The third phosphate group from the ATP molecule breaks off, releasing energy. The leftover molecule is ADP.

What is ADP?

Consists of adenine, ribose sugar, and two phosphate groups. Has less energy than ATP.

What happens during ATP Synthesis?

ADP it turned into ATP. Glucose is used to add a lone phosphate group to the other two phosphate groups in ADP

Where is energy stored within ATP?

Within the bonds of the three phosphate groups

What is the photosynthesis equation? (Format: (reactants) (requirements for transition to products [aka the arrow]) (products))

6H₂O + 6CO₂ (sunlight and chlorophyll) 6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆

What are autotrophs?

Beings that make their own food (plants)

What are heterotrophs

Beings that obtain food (animals)

What are photoautotrophs?

Beings that use sunlight to make their own food through photosynthesis

How much energy do shorter wavelengths have? What are examples of short wavelengths?

have more energy. gamma rays and X-rays

How much energy do longer wavelengths have? What is an example of a long wavelength?

Have less energy. radiowaves

What is the visible spectrum? How many nm?

The spectrum that contains visible light. 380 nm to 750 nm

What is sunlight made up of?

All visible wavelengths

What are pigments? Do we see absorbed colors or reflected colors?

Molecules that absorb and reflect certain wavelengths. We see reflected colors.

What is chlorophyll(s)? What kinds are there? What colors do they reflect and absorb?

Main photosynthetic pigments, all plants have chlorophyll a or b. Absorbs violet, blue, and red wavelengths while reflecting green and yellow wavelengths

What are accessory pigments?

Help absorb other wavelengths

Carotenoids

Accessory pigment that reflects red and orange

Xanthophylls

Accessory pigment that reflects yellow

Why do leaves change color in autumn?

Shorter days and cooler temps causes chlorophyll to break down. Accessory pigments can be seen

What gas do plants give off during photosynthesis (what do plants output)?

oxygen

How does carbon dioxide enter the leaf?

Through the stomata

How does the plant break apart water molecules?

Using sunlight as energy

Is sunlight necessary for plants to stay alive?

Yes, however, if sugar water is given to the plant, it can temporarily survive.

Is oxygen necessary for plants to stay alive? Why?

Yes, it is used to breakdown the carbohydrate molecules that plants use for food. The plant would starve without it.

Glucose formula?

C₆H₁₂O₆

Where is chlorophyll stored?

The chloroplast

What molecules are used for glucose to be made in photosynthesis? (describe process regarding ONLY the molecules)

Water molecules are split into separate oxygen and hydrogen atoms, in which excess oxygen is filtered out the leaf while hydrogen bonds with carbon dioxide.

What two colors do chlorophyll a absorb the most?

Violet and red

What two colors does chlorophyll b absorb the most?

Blue and red

What do chlorophyll a and b absorb the least (reflect)

green

What is the thylakoid membrane? (Description; what it contains; site of what reaction; where)

disk-like stacks of inner membrane; contain pigments and enzymes; site of light dependent reactions; in the chloroplast

What is the stroma? (description; what does it contain; site of what; where)

Fluid filled space; contains enzymes and DNA; site of light independent reactions; in the chloroplast

What is Grana?

Stack of thylakoid membranes; in the chloroplast

What are photosynthetic pigments? (where; purpose; includes what)

In the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast; absorb light for photosynthesis; include chlorophyll

What is used in light independent reactions? (2 things)

ATP and NADPH

Where is excess oxygen produced in during photosynthesis? What kind of reaction is it?

The thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast; light dependent reaction

Light dependent reaction process? Ultimately, what are the three products?

Chlorophyll absorbs light to split water into oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Oxygen gas is given off as a byproduct. Ultimately, O₂, ATP, and NADPH are the products.

What reaction are ATP and NADPH formed in? What reaction are they used for?

From light dependent reactions, and are then used in light independent reactions

What are light independent reactions also called?

The Calvin Cycle

Can light independent reactions use light?

Yes, with or without light.

Light independent reaction process?

Carbon dioxide from the environment combines with ATP and NADPH from light dependent reactions to bond with hydrogen from split water molecules to make glucose in the stroma

What is glucose used for in light independent reactions?

To make sucrose, cellulose, other carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and more

What is photolysis?

Process of water being split by light

What is the main photosynthetic organ of the plant?

The leaf

Answer in alphabetical order: (From A to K)

Vein, cuticle, upper epidermis, mesophyll, palisade mesophyll, chloroplast, spongy mesophyll, lower epidermis, air space, stomata, guard cell.

Why (in flowering plants) are leaves flat?

To maximize light absorption and control gas exchange

What covers the upper surface of leaf-functions in protection and secretes the cuticle?

The upper epidermis

What is the opening or pore in the epidermis that allows for diffusion of gases and water vapor?

stomata

What consists of xylem and phloem tissues and supplies water and minerals to leaf and carries products of photosynthesis to other plant parts?

the vein/vascular bundle

What holds air?

air space

What is the mesophyll layer that contains the most chloroplasts, where most photosynthesis occurs?

Paliside mesophyll

What is the mesophyll layer that contains air spaces for gas storage?

Spongy mesophyll

What is the waxy coating that prevents drying out and protects the leaf?

Cuticle

What covers the lower surface of the leaf-functions in protection and secretes the cuticle?

Lower epidermis

What is the tissue that contains the palisade and spongy layers?

mesophyll

What surrounds the stomata to open and close them in response to environmental conditions, as well as permit gas exchange and regulate water loss?

Guard cells

What is the vascular tissue that transports sugars throughout the plant?

Phloem

What is the vascular tissue that transports water and minerals throughout the plant?

Xylem

Why would the stomata open? (3 reasons)

To take in water, to take in carbon dioxide, and for oxygen gas to go out.

Why does the stomata close; where? (regarding water)

To avoid evaporative water loss; hot/dry environments.

When are stomata open?

They remain open in the day when photosynthesis is occurring and sugars are being made, and oxygen is being created that has to be diffused out. However, cacti have their stomata open at night when temps are low to minimize evaporative water loss.

What is evaporative water loss from leaves and other aboveground plant parts called?

Transpiration

How are guard cells regulated?

Through osmosis. When in a hypotonic environment, guard cells swell and open the stomata to gain water. When in a hypertonic environment, guard cells lose water and close the stomata to hold water.

Relationship of light intensity/concentration of carbon dioxide to the rate of photosynthesis

Both are necessary for photosynthesis to occur, and the rate will exponentially increase with both factors. However, to a certain extent, it will barely increase the rate of photosynthesis.

Relationship of temperature to the rate of photosynthesis

The rate of photosynthesis will increase while ____ is increasing before it gets too high around 30 C where the rate starts to decrease to 0 at 40C

isotonic (concentration of solutes and water in the cell compared to outside; water movement; what is the “balance” called)

equal amounts of solutes and water in the cell and the outside; water will move equally in and out; the cell is in an osmotic balance

hypotonic (concentration of solutes outside; concentration of water outside; water movement)

less solutes outside the cell; more water outside the cell; water will move into the cell

hypertonic (concentration of solutes outside; concentration of water outside; water movement)

more solutes outside; less water outside; water will move out of the cell