Chapters 20 and 21

An endophyte that absorbs nutrients and water from a live cacao leaf is classified as

a heterotroph.

Beneficial relationships between two organisms, like the one observed between the cacao tree and endophyte fungi, are examples of

mutualism.

Endophytes that colonize leaves to feed on the dead tissue are examples of

decomposers.

In the figure, what was the dependent variable?

the percent of the leaf area damaged

A dikaryotic stage is common in the life cycle of many plants, protozoans, and fungi.

False

A lichen is made up of which two types of organisms?

a fungus and either an algal or bacterial species

A mushroom is a structure that is attached to a much larger growth form of the organism.

True

A yeast is a multicellular fungus.

False

About 80% of all land plants, including grasses, shrubs, and trees, form mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizae are best described as

mutualistic associations between fungi and plant roots.

Ascomycetes are fungi that cause disease and are not beneficial to humans in any way.

False

Ascomycetes are the largest group of fungi. When their haploid hyphae fuse without fusion of their nuclei, the resulting cells are

dikaryotic.

Associations of fungi and plant roots are called

mycorrhizae.

Chytridiomycetes produce enzymes that digest cellulose, chitin, and similar molecules. These fungi are contributing to the decline of amphibians worldwide through what mechanism?

by digesting keratin in the frog's skin

Chytridiomycetes produce enzymes that digest cellulose, chitin, and similar molecules. Because of this, they are found in the digestive tract of

ruminants.

During the treatment of a bacterial infection with antibiotic, the yeast Candida can grow out of control and cause a vaginal or intestinal infection. What is the best explanation for fungal infection?

There are fewer bacteria present to compete with the yeast.

Endophyte translates to "inside plant" and refers to which of the following?

fungi that live inside of plants and help protect plants from disease-causing organisms

Fungi and animals are similar in that they both

are heterotrophs.

Fungi are classified into phyla based on the

sexual structures.

Fungi that can live only in mycorrhizal association with roots of plants may be placed into phylum

Glomeromycota.

In biology lab, you have just collected a sample of fungus. With magnification, you can see that there are individual filaments of cells that make up the visual mass you collected. This larger collection of the individual filaments is called a

mycelium.

In the ecosystems of the world, fungi act primarily as

decomposers.

Microscopic reproductive cells produced by most fungi are

spores.

Molecular evidence places fungi closer to animals than to plants.

True

Molecular evidence places fungi closer to plants than to animals.

False

Mycologists classify fungi into five phyla based on their sexual structures.

True

Of the following, which is the best description of the mutual benefit to both species found in a lichen?

The autotroph provides a carbon source and the heterotroph absorbs moisture and minerals.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is commonly referred to as

bread yeast.

Salt and sugar in high enough concentrations retard mold growth by limiting the ability of these organisms to take up water by osmosis.

True

The familiar growth form represented by edible mushrooms, as well as some poisonous mushrooms, is associated with the ________ phylum.

Basidiomycota

The fungi that are referred to as ancient fungi are

chytridiomycetes.

The fungus Drechslerella anchonia, a carnivorous fungus that forms sacs containing eight spores, belongs to the phylum

Ascomycota.

The individual microscopic filaments that make up most of a multicellular fungus are

hyphae.

The leaf-cutter ants of Central America use leaves as food to cultivate the basidiomycete Lepiota in special underground chambers. To use leaves as an energy source, Lepiota must do which of the following?

secrete enzymes to digest cellulose

The main nutrient storage molecule in fungi is

glycogen, a carbohydrate.

The spore-producing structure of aggregated hyphae, as shown in the diagram below, is the

fruiting body.

Unlike plant cells, fungal cells lack

chloroplasts.

When a haploid spore germinates, it goes through mitosis, forming hyphae. The resulting hyphae would be which of the following?

haploid

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the characteristics of fungi?

Fungi carry out photosynthesis.

Which part of an endophyte penetrates inside of a plant?

the hyphae

Why are lichens a good indicator of environmental quality?

They cannot excrete absorbed toxins.

Within the life cycle of Neurospora crassa, strands of exactly eight spores are

both asci and haploid.

Yeasts are

single-celled heterotrophs.

Zygospores are formed when two haploid hyphae fuse. Zygospores are which of the following?

diploid

A sea squirt is an example of a

tunicate.

A description of sharks that does not apply to other fish groups is that

they are cartilaginous craniates with jaws.

A fluid-filled body cavity that forms completely within the mesoderm of animals is a

coelom.

A mollusk that has arms connecting directly to the head of the animal is a

cephalopod.

A surviving member of the lobe-finned fishes is the

lungfish.

According to the fossil record, which of the following were the first vertebrates to appear on land?

amphibians

All of these animals are mollusks except

flatworms.

Amphioxus is an example of a

lancelet.

An animal that maintains its body temperature by using heat generated from its own metabolism is a(n)

endotherm.

An animal with an indirect development undergoes a metamorphosis in which larvae do not resemble the adult.

True

An internal membrane in chordates that protects the developing fetus is the notochord.

False

Arthropods have jointed legs.

True

Birds are endothermic, feathered reptiles.

True

Caenorhabditis elegans is a nematode that scientists have shown grows from a single cell into about 1000 cells, of which the same 80 cells die during development through apoptosis. Studying this process in Caenorhabditis elegans has helped scientists identify the genes that regulate similar processes in humans. Which of the following statements is supported by this observation?

Caenorhabditis elegans and humans have a common ancestor.

Centipedes, earthworms, and roundworms all illustrate segmentation.

False

Cnidarians all share the ability to

sting predators and prey.

Cnidarians are

aquatic animals.

Corals and jellyfish belong to the phylum containing the

cnidarians.

Earthworms have multiple hearts that pump blood throughout the body in vessels. They also ingest soil, digest the organic matter, and eliminate the indigestible particles as castings. Earthworms have which of the following?

a complete digestive tract and closed circulatory system

Even semi-aquatic reptiles like crocodiles and alligators can spend much of their life on dry land. Which of the following is an example of an adaptation that would allow reptiles to live and reproduce on dry land?

internal fertilization and amniotic eggs

Flatworms have bilateral symmetry.

True

Flatworms have complete digestive tracts.

False

Flukes and tapeworms belong to the phylum containing the

flatworms.

If an animal is a vertebrate, this means that the animal

has a backbone.

If an animal is an invertebrate, this means that the animal

does not have a backbone.

In a biology lab you are given a lancelet to dissect. During the dissection you observe a flexible rod of nerve cells, extending along its back to its tail. Based on this observation, you can place it in the phylum

Chordata.

In animals, a sphere of embryonic cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity is called a

blastula.

In biology lab, you are observing and dissecting flatworms. Their bodies are very thin, even see-through, and their thin body surface allows them to exchange gases of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the underlying cells and tissues. Flatworms lack which of the following anatomical systems?

respiratory

In biology lab, you are tasked with measuring the temperature of a small lizard, as it is moved from containers with different temperatures, light, and humidity. These elements require monitoring since lizards cannot self-generate heat. Therefore, lizards are an example of a(n)

ectotherm.

Frogs are in which group?

amphibians

Frogs have which of the following traits?

larval respiration with gills, but adult respiration with lungs

The primary function of external gills in aquatic animals is to

exchange gases with the water.

In the fossil record, there is evidence that feathers were produced by which of the following?

birds and some dinosaurs

In your biology lab, you use a stereoscopic microscope to observe a living animal that uses only one opening to both take in its food and eject its waste products. What is the body arrangement of this animal?

incomplete digestive tract and a gastrovascular cavity

Leeches and earthworms belong to the phylum containing the

annelids.

If an animal researcher reproduces this evolutionary tree, but rotates the body forms and animal groups, showing the deuterostomes beneath the protostomes, the interpretation of common ancestry and divergence among the body forms and animal groups will completely change.

False

The proposed common ancestor to all animals, shown at the left of the evolutionary tree, was a

protist.

Prior to the divergence of animals, an ancestor is proposed to have developed the key shared trait of all animals, the

body form of multicellularity.

The distinguishing animal trait "A," that separates the body forms of the eumetazoa and the parazoa is

whether or not the animal has true tissues.

Mammals that lay eggs are

monotremes.

Mammals that lay eggs are marsupials.

False

Mollusks that have two-part hinged shells are called bivalves.

True

Most of today's animal phyla appear in the fossil record within a short span of 25 million years beginning about 530 MYA. When researchers analyzed the DNA evidence that might relate sponges to the modern phyla, what unexpected result did they find?

Many development genes thought to be specific to eumetazoans were found in sponges.

Pinworms and hookworms belong to the phylum

Nematoda.

Presence of vertebrae is a shared characteristic among all chordates.

False

Sea cucumbers and sea urchins belong to the phylum

Echinodermata.

Some animals are autotrophs.

False

Spiders and scorpions belong to the phylum containing the

arthropods.

Sponges are

the simplest animals.

Sponges belong to the phylum

Porifera.

The bony or cartilaginous cranium in chordates is adaptive because it

protects the brain.

The embryonic germ layer of tissue in animals that develops into the digestive tract, and organs derived from the digestive tract, is the

endoderm.

The embryonic germ layer of tissue in animals that develops into the muscles and reproductive system is the

mesoderm.

The embryonic germ layer of tissue in animals that develops into the skin and nervous system is the

ectoderm.

The forelimbs of Tiktaalik have bones, but are fringed with fins instead of toes (see figure). Which of the following is the best explanation for this observation?

This is a transitional fossil, and the species has not yet lost its fins.

A tunicate is in which phylum?

Chordates

Tunicates have which of the following traits?

pharyngeal slits