Unit 2 Vocab HGAP

Demographic Equation

Formula for population change in earth's inmigration equals total population change

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of live births per 1

Low Birth Rate

A small number of births per 1

Transitional Birth Rate

A moderate birth rate that occurs as a country moves through the demographic transition

High Birth Rate

Large number of birth per 1

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime

Replacement Level Fertility

Fertility rate needed for population to replace itself with migration

Gender Roles

Expectations and cultural norms defining appropriate behaviors for men and women

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Of deaths per 1000 people and a population per year

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of infant deaths under age 1 per 1000 live births indicating healthcare quality

Child Mortality

The number of deaths of children under five per 1

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The percentage by which a population grows annually excluding migration

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

Birth and death rates equal leading to no natural population growth

Doubling Time

Time it takes for a population to double size at its current growth rate

Rule of 70

Estimate doubling time by dividing 70 by the growth rate percentage

Demographic Transitional Model (DTM)

As countries move from high birth and death rates to low ones through development

Epidemiology

The study of diseases and health patterns within human populations

Epidemiological Transition Theory

Of death shift from infectious to chronic diseases as society develops

Degenerative Disease

A long term illness heart disease or cancer that increase in advance stages of development

Malthusian

The theory that population grows faster than food production leading to starvation and crisis

Overpopulation

When the number of people exceeds in areas capacity to provide necessary resources

Neo-Malthusians

Modern supporters of malthus who warn about environmental degradation and resource limits

Cornucopians or Anti-Malthusians

People who believe human innovation and technology can overcome resource scarcity

Bosserup Effect

The idea that population pressure stimulates technological advances in agriculture

Antinatalist Policies

Government programs designed to reduce fertility and slow population growth

Pronatalist Policies

Government measures encouraging higher birth rates to prevent population of decline

Women's Status

Women's social economic and political standing within a society

Women's Empowerment

Expanding women's access to education employment and decision making opportunities

Spatial Mobility

The ability of people to move from one location to another across Geographic space

Social (Upward) Mobility

The ability to move to a higher Social or economic position within a society

Migration

The permanent or long-term relocation of people to a new place

Migrant (Mover)

A person who changes their permanent or semi-permanent residence

Non-migrants (Stayers)

Individuals who remain in their original place of residence

Origin

Location where a migrants movement begins

Destination

Application where a migrant moves to settle

Emigration (Out Migration)

The act of leaving one's country to live elsewhere

Immigrants (Out-Migrants)

People who move out of their home country

Immigration ((In-Migration)

The process of entering and settling in a new country

Immigrants (In-Migrants)

People who move into a new country for residents

Migration Stream

Bearing of common origin and destination

Counterstream

The movement of people returning to their place of origin

Net Migration

The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants and a region

Net Migration Rate (NMR)

The net migration per 1

Migration Age Profile

The typical ages of people most likely to migrate usually young adult

Brain Drain

The immigration of skilled or educated individuals from a country often for better

Brain Gain

The immigration of educated or talented workers that boosts a country's economy

Push-Pull Theory of Migration

Explains migration as driven by negative push factors and attractive pull factors

Push Factors

Conditions such as conflict unemployment or disasters that drive people to leave

Pull Factors

Positive conditions like job or safety that attract migrants to a place

Intervening Obstacles

Various such as laws distance or cost that hinder migration

Social Networks

Connection and support

Intervening Opportunity

Or more favorable option that reduces the need to move farther away

Voluntary Migration

Movement chosen by individuals seeking after opportunities or lifestyles

International Migration

The movement of people across national borders to live in another country

Guest Worker

A foreign laborer allowed to work temporarily in another country often in low skill jobs

Transnational Migration

Movement where migrants maintain connections to both their origin and destination countries

Internal Migration (Interregional Migration)

The movement of people within a country from one region to another

Great Migration

The large scale movement of African Americans from the Southern US to Northern US cities in the 20th century

Rural-to-Urban Migration

From countryside areas to cities often for jobs and better services

Residential Mobility

The ability or tendency to change living places within a community or region

Step Migration

Migration that occurs in stages toward the final destination stopping at places along the way

Chain Migration

When migrants follow family or community members to a new location

Return Migration

When migrants move back to the original home after living elsewhere

Black Belt

The region historically home to African Americans after the Great Migration originally tied to cot for me

Seasonal Migration

The movement of people for part of the year often agricultural or tourism work

Transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between highland and lowland pastures

Mobility Transition Model

A model describing how migration patterns change as society's develop economically

Circulation

Short-term repetitive movements that do not result in permanent relocation

Forced Migration

Movement of people compelled to leave their home due to conflict disaster or persecution

Refugees

People forced the flee their country due to war violence or persecution

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Someone forced to move within their own country due to conflict or disaster

Ethnic Cleansing

The forced removal or extermination of an ethnic group from a region

Repatriated

The process of returning refugees to their home country once conditions are safe

Diaspora

The dispersion of a group of people from their original homeland while maintaining cultural ties.