Speech Science

The building block of language

syllables

suprasegmentals

the melodic line, naturalness of language

thoughts, feelings, and emotions combined into communicative intent and organized into rules of language

cognitive-linguistic process

comple planning and execution of speech conveying communicative intent in linguistic cde

motor speech process

production of speech involves

phoneme production, respiration, phonation, resonance, and articulation

abstract and encoded commuication is expressed via

speech as sound waves

transmission enviornemnt influences both

production and recpetion of signal

reception and conversion of the signal into neural impulses for audiotry processing

hearing

cognitive-linguistic decoding of the signal recieved

understanding

4 subsystems of netsell point-person model

respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation

respiration, phonation, resonance, and articulation contribute to

prosody

force

push/pull

speed

distance per time

velocity

speech with direction

vector

quantities with magnitude and direction

uniform motion

constant velocity

acceleration

speed up

deceleration

slow down

newtons first law

an object with accelerate or decelerate if acted on by an outside force

newtons first law is also called the law of ___

intertia

intertia

tendency for an object to resist change in motion

newtons second law

acceleration is proportional to net force and inversely proportional to mass

force =

ma (mass times acceleration

unit of force

newton (N)

newtons third law

for every action there is an equal or opposite reaction

momentum =

mass x velocity

momentum measurement

kg-m/s

work

force exerted over a distance

unit of measurement for work

joule

joule

amount of energy when a force of 1 newton is exerted for a distance of 1 metere

energy

carried by the the particles or by the wave itself

power

rate at which work is donw

unit of measurement of power

watt

watt

1 joule/sec

kinetic energy

energy in motion

potential energy

energy waiting to be released

phases of matter

solid, liquid, gas

density

how tightly packed the molecules are in a container

stiffness

degree of resistance to deformation

elasticity

ability to spring back after deformation

hooke’s law

change in legth is proprtional to force applied

pressure

force per unit area

speech production is the process of producing

sound waves

acoustics

branch of phyics devoted to study of sound, its production, transmission and effects

acousticians

work in enviornmental, musical, and human sounds

speech-language pathologists

generation of sound within the vocal tract

friction is the loss of energy due to ___

mechanical resistance to force

oscillation

back and forth motion

waves

a disturbance being composed of vibrations that move within a medium

medium

interconnected particles

air

medium that transports sound energy

in a sound pressure wave the particles oscillate ___ and ____ but don’t _____

back, forth, travel beyond their own area of disturbance

pulse waves are a ____ disturbance

single

longitudinal waves

particle movement is parallel to the direction of the wave

transverse waves

particle movement is perpendicular to the direction of the wave

frequency

cycles per second

cycle

one compression and rarefraction

period

duration of one cycle

the higher the frequency the ___ the period

shorter

intensity

amplitude of the sound pressure wave

intensity diminishes with increased ___-

distance

small increases in sound pressure have ___ increses in intensity

large

intensity is meausred in

dB SPL

SPL =

difference between the pressure of interest and the standard reference pressure

wavelength is

speed/frequency

speed of sound is not dependent on

frequnecy or wavelength

speed of sound is determined by

density and phase of the medium

psychophysics

study of relationship between study of physical properties and our experience

pitch

perceptual correlate of frequency

loudness

perceptual correlate of intensity

interval

distance between two pittches

semitone

the smallest distance between two pitches

power spectrum

line spectrum contains energy at specific frequnecies

fourier theorem

every complex wave can be decomposed into its harmonic series

boundary

interface between two mediums

reflection

bouncing off

diffraction

bending around

transmission

going through

refraction

change in velocity

interference

two or more waves meeting

constructive interference

compression meets compression, rarefaction meets rarefaction

destructive interference

compression meets rarefaction, weaker intensity waves

most interference is ____

complex

resonance

large increase in vibration when a force is applied at a natural frequency of the medium

resonator

object or medium set into vibration

natural/resonant frequency

the object vibrates most easily and the widest amplitude

recall

speed and wavelength are dependent on properties of the medium

particularly

stiffness, mass, length

stiffness

amount of force required to displace an object

standing wave

destructive interference of reflected and incident waves

nodes

minimum vibratory amplitude

antinodes

maximum vibratory amplitude

free vibration

object or medium vibrates freely after initial disturbance

forced vibration

the tendency of one medium to set another medium into vibration. the medium or object is driven by an outside source that is itself an oscillator

resonator

the object or medium set into vibration

mechanical resonator

object

acoustic resonator

air in a completely or partilly enclosed container

sound

a disturbance propagated through a medium such as a solid, liquid, or gas

speed of sound

the distance traveled by a specific disturbance or wave

the more dense the medium the ___ the propagation of the wave

slower