sacred (holy)
set apart, reserved for special religious purposes, associated with the divine
Profane (mundane, secular)
everyday, ordinary (not sacred)
transcendent
beyond or above or far away from the mundane, human realm of existence
immanent
within or nearby, present in the realm of human experience
religion (Mary Pat Fisher’s definition)
this term describes activity that aims to connect human beings to sacred reality
spirituality
this term may be used to describe individualistic ways to connect to sacred reality (rather than social, communal, or institutional ways to connect to the sacred)
myth
a sacred story with symbolic meaning
ritual
a sacred action with symbolic meaning
rites of passage
ritual acts that mark transitions from one stage of life to the next (such as: birth, puberty, marriage, death)
doctrine (or dogma)
teaching or belief
orthodoxy
("right + teaching") - the officially correct teachings of a particular religious tradition
heterodoxy (or heresy)
("other + teaching") - beliefs that depart from the officially correct teachings within a particular religious tradition
orthopraxy
("right + practice") - the officially correct way of practicing a religion \n (which may include both ethical behavior and proper performance of rituals)
worldview
a way of understanding reality; \n the "lenses" or stories or belief-system through which someone interprets and makes sense of the world as they experience it (see also: "metanarrative")
theism
a worldview that understands ultimate, sacred, supernatural reality as personal \n (i.e., belief in a God or gods)
monotheism
("one + theism") - the belief that there is only one God, that God is One
polytheism
("many + theism") - the belief that there are many gods
atheism
("NOÂ + theism") - the belief that God doesn't exist; denial of the belief that there are any gods
agnosticism
("NOÂ + knowledge") - the position that it is impossible to know whether or not any god(s) exist
nontheism
a worldview that understands sacred reality as impersonal, or in which supernatural beings (gods or divinities) are not what is ultimately important
scriptures
literally "writings" - used especially of written texts (and sometimes of oral, unwritten traditions) that are seen as sacred or important in a religious tradition
layperson
someone who practices a religion, but who is not an expert (they do not have special training in the teachings or practices of their religion)
priest
a religious expert, one who has training in the proper performance of religious rituals; \n \n a person who acts as a go-between or intermediary between "ordinary" humans and God/gods/the Sacred
mysterium tremendum and fascinans
feelings of fearful awe & reverence ("trembling"), and attraction ("fascination") that are said by Rudolf Otto to characterize the experience of the Sacred (or "the Holy")
via analogia (way of analogy)
symbolic use of language to describe the sacred by comparing it to things found in ordinary/mundane experiences (ex. "God is like a loving parent," or "enlightenment is like putting out a fire")
via negativa (way of negation)
the attempt to talk about the sacred by saying what the sacred is not (ex. "God is not a human being", "nirvana cannot be described in words")
globalization
all the world's religions have members in almost every country or society; no society is so isolated that it contains only one religious culture
colonialism
the (political, social, cultural, and economic) domination and exploitation of one society by another
metanarrative
a "big story" or worldview which is accepted by almost everyone in society, and which shapes our understanding of reality / the world
premodernity
an era before modernity or globalization, when religion was seamlessly integrated into all of society, and when it was assumed that nearly everyone in society shared the same traditional religious worldview
modernity
an era when science replaced religion as the primary source of knowledge, when the dominant narrative was one of scientific progress, and when religion was seen only as a private belief
postmodernity
an era when there is no universally shared worldview or "metanarrative"; instead there is a plurality of religious and non-religious narratives, none of which is seen as the one and only, objective truth
fundamentalism
attempts to reject important aspects of modernity and to re-assert a traditional religious worldview or metanarrative as the one true understanding of reality, usually including the attempt to use a particular set of religious ideas and values to give shape to the whole of society
postmodernism
accepts pluralism because there is no universally accepted metanarrative, and takes an approach to public society in which many different religious and non-religious worldviews/narratives must find a way to coexist as one society
heretic (as used by Peter Berger)
"one who chooses"; in our post-modern, pluralistic society, all of us are forced to choose our beliefs/our worldview, since there is no one universally shared set of beliefs that everyone in our society takes for granted as true
religion (William James' definition)
"the belief that there is an unseen order, and that our supreme good lies in harmoniously adjusting ourselves" to that order
religion (Winfried Corduan's definition)
"a system of beliefs and practices that provides values to give life meaning and coherence by directing a person toward transcendence"
religious pluralism (Diana Eck's definition)
an attitude and practice of actively seeking to understand those of a different religious culture with whom you share a community
List the Seven Dimensions of Religion (from Ninian Smart)
(1) Ritual/Practical \n (2) Doctrinal/Philosophical \n (3) Ethical/Legal \n (4) Emotional/Experiential \n (5) Mythic/Narrative \n (6) Social/Institutional \n (7) Material
Myths of Nature
worldview story according to which: \n the problem is time (which brings decay, death) \n & the solution is return to (re-)creation, to new birth \n (through the practice of rituals connected to the cycles of nature, such as Summer-Fall-Winter-Spring)
Myths of History
worldview story according to which: \n history is a story with a beginning, middle, and end; \n the problem is: Injustice, Idolatry, Sin, Disharmony between Humans & God, Death \n & the solution is: God acting in history to bring about Judgment, to restore Harmony between Humans & God, right knowledge of God, forgiveness of Sin, and the resurrection of the Dead
Myths of Libertion
worldview story according to which: \n the problem is: every soul is trapped in an ending cycle of suffering (birth, suffering, death, and rebirth) \n & the solution is: escape from the cycle of rebirth
Myths of Harmony
worldview story according to which: \n the problem is: disharmony, caused by the fundamental elements of the cosmos being out-of-balance \n & the solution is: the restoration of balance or harmony
30%+ of the world's population (about 2.3 Billion people) are identified with this world religion
Christianity
24% of the world's population (about 1.8 Billion people) are identified with this world religion
Islam
15% of the world's population (about 1 Billion people) are identified with this world religion
Hinduism
the approximate % of the world's population that are "not affiliated" with any religious tradition
16% (or about 1.2 billion people in the world)
7% of the world's population (about 500 million people) are identified with this world religion
Buddhism
0.2% of the world's population (about 14 million people) are identified with this world religion
Judaism