bsci 201 exam 1-justin

What defines chemically inert elements?

Atoms with complete valence shells, making them unreactive.

What are chemically reactive elements?

Atoms with incomplete valence shells that form chemical bonds to achieve stability.

What is the difference between a molecule and a compound?

A molecule involves the same atoms, while a compound involves different atoms.

What are ionic bonds?

Bonds formed by the complete transfer of electrons, resulting in charged ions.

What is a cation?

A positively charged ion that donates electrons.

What is an anion?

A negatively charged ion that accepts electrons.

What characterizes covalent bonds?

Electrons are shared between atoms to achieve stability.

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

A bond where electrons are shared equally between atoms.

What is a polar covalent bond?

A bond with unequal sharing of electrons, resulting in partial charges.

What role do hydrogen bonds play?

They are weaker bonds that form between hydrogen atoms and electronegative ions.

What are inorganic compounds?

Compounds that do not contain carbon chains, such as water, acids, bases, and salts.

What are organic compounds?

Compounds that contain carbon covalently bonded, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Why is water considered a polar covalent molecule?

It has a partial positive charge on hydrogen and a partial negative charge on oxygen.

What is the significance of water as the universal solvent?

It is involved in all biochemical reactions occurring in the body.

What is the pH range of human blood?

The pH is maintained between 7.35 and 7.45.

What are acids in terms of hydrogen ions?

Substances that release hydrogen ions (H+), also known as proton donors.

What are bases in terms of hydrogen ions?

Substances that accept hydrogen ions (H+), also known as proton acceptors.

What is the function of buffers in the body?

They resist abrupt changes in pH by binding or releasing H+ ions.

What are monosaccharides?

Simple sugars with the general formula (CH2O)n, sweet and soluble in water.

What are disaccharides?

Composed of two hexose sugars, sweet and soluble in water, such as sucrose and lactose.

What are polysaccharides?

Long chains of glucose used for storage, known as starch in plants and glycogen in animals.

What are the two types of covalent bonds?

Nonpolar covalent bonds (equal sharing) and polar covalent bonds (unequal sharing).

What is the role of sodium chloride (NaCl) in water?

It dissociates into cations and anions, contributing to ionic balance in solutions.

What is the high heat capacity of water?

Water absorbs body heat, helping to regulate temperature.

What is the high heat of vaporization of water?

It allows water to evaporate from the body, cooling it down.

What are the four main types of organic compounds?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

What is dehydration synthesis?

A process where two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, releasing water as a byproduct.

What is hydrolysis?

A chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water.

What is glycogen?

A polysaccharide that serves as a form of energy storage in animals.

What are the four types of lipids?

Neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, and eicosanoids.

What are neutral fats?

Also known as triglycerides, they consist of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acid chains.

What distinguishes saturated fats from unsaturated fats?

Saturated fats have single covalent bonds between carbon atoms and are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats have at least one double bond and are liquid.

What are lipoproteins?

Complexes of lipids and proteins that include very low density lipoproteins (vLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and high density lipoprotein (HDL).

What is the role of aspirin in thromboembolic disorders?

Aspirin inhibits the cyclooxygenase enzyme, reducing the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes, which are involved in blood clot formation.

What are amino acids?

The building blocks of proteins, each containing an amino terminal and a carboxyl terminal.

What are essential amino acids?

Amino acids that must be ingested through the diet.

What are the four structural levels of proteins?

Primary, secondary (alpha helix and beta pleated sheet), tertiary, and quaternary structure.

What is the difference between fibrous and globular proteins?

Fibrous proteins are extended and insoluble, providing structural support, while globular proteins are compact, soluble, and functionally active.

What is the structure of DNA?

DNA consists of a sugar-phosphate backbone with nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine) connected by hydrogen bonds.

What is the significance of LDL and HDL?

LDL is known as 'bad cholesterol' as it can lead to plaque buildup, while HDL is 'good cholesterol' that helps remove cholesterol from the bloodstream.

What is atherosclerosis?

A condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries, which can lead to heart attacks and strokes.

What is the function of eicosanoids?

Eicosanoids, derived from arachidonic acid, mediate various physiological reactions in the body.

What is the role of triglycerides in the human diet?

Triglycerides are the most abundant form of fat, providing energy and insulation.

What is the effect of trans fats on health?

Trans fats increase LDL levels, raising the risk of myocardial infarction and strokes.

Will have to know

a faticous atom - atomic number 13 what kind of chemcial molecule will it be so you have to put 2 then 8 then 3 -easier to gain 5 or lose ?

Cells are

Primarily water

Water polar covalent molecule

1 msot abundant 70% of body

2)Univerisal Solvent

3) high high capacity- buffer for body temp

4) High heaat of vaporization - water vaportaes from body using large amount of heat - cooling body

5) Cushoiniong body organs

Acids

release H + - proton donors

Bases

Accept h+ proton acceptors

Carbohydeates compounds covelant

Monosaccharides , Disaccharides , polysaccharides

Lipids Covalent link

Neutral fats- Triglyceride, steroils, eicosanoids

Proteins covalant link

Fibrous and globular proteins

Nucleic Acids covalent link

DNA, RNA

Carbohydrates Monosaccharides

hexose - Glucose, Furctose, Galactose

pentose 0 Deoxyribose, ribose

sweet and soluble

Carbohydrates Disaccharides

Matlose- Glucose Glucose

Sucrose -Glucose + Fructose

Lactose - Glucose and Galactose

soluble and sweet

Polysaccharides

Composed of logn chains fo glucose = storge form of glucose, aka stach in plants and glycogen in animals cells

not sweet insoluable inwater

Buffers

Will regulate ph in the blood by binding to h+, if the ph is to high the buffer will release H+ bringing ph to normal range

Out of range ph

No enzyme will work, homestatic imbalance, and reactions in body will halt

Lipids are...

Hydrophic and insoluble ein water

Types of lipids

Neutral fats , phosphlipids, steroids, eicosanoids

Nuetrals fat

glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid chaains

Phospholipids

Composed of glycerol backbones, 2 fatty free acid chains attached

Steroids

Derived from cholesterol

Eicosanoids

Dereived from arachidonic acids

Neutral Fats

Triglycerides and triacyglycerol

most abundant form of fat in the human diet

aka fats when soil and oils when liquid

types of neutral fats

Saturated- single covalent bonds exist between all carbons in teh chain, solid at room temperates

increase LDL - myocardial infraction and strokes

Unsaturated - at least one double covalent bond - liquid at room temp - plant like olive oil

Types of Lipoproteins

Lipids and Proteins:

vLDL - very low denstiy lipoproteins

Low Density Lipoprpoeins = LDL bad cholesterol

high density lipoproteins HDL=. good cholesterol

Lipproteouns contains different kinds and amounts of lipids and proteins ..

- teh more protein the higher the density

The more lipid teh lower the density

each has different function

Cholesterol

waxy fat carried through the bloodstream by lipoproteins

Artherslcetoric plauge- plaque in arterieres

Glucose too much in body

stored as polysaccharides glycogen

Lipids Eicosanids

Adipose capsules..

Fats that help protect and holds as well as insulate organs

ex: kidneys lose too much weight the adipose will leave and kidneys fall from anatomical position and fail

Asprin

Limits and inhibits the Cyclooxgyenesnase WHIHCH STOP PROSTAGLANIDS AND THROMBOXANS leading to less clumpings from platelets

Proteins ..

aminos acids

Each amino acids has. termins that can act as a ... and a ..terminal that can aact as an ...

base, carboxyl, acid

AA are

ampthoertic molecules -- can act as acids and bases

essentail amino acids

these amino acids must be ingested in the diet

Non essential amino acids

syntehsized by the bodi via transmination reaction

You can tell cointaiminaton by virus and bacteria by

add beta helix helix and alpha pleated proteins

humans cells secondary structure true or false alpha pleated and beta helix

false

4 strucutral levels of proteins

primary structure- linear polypeptic chain indiciating the ty pe and position fo amino acids

Secondary strcuture 2 type

alpha helix coiled - coiled polypetide chain ehled together by hydrogen bonds

beta pleated - polypeptide chains linked side by side by huydrogen bonds

Tertiary structure

secoundary strcture, fold upon themselves to give a compact globule molecules , 3d structure held togehter by hydrogen bonds

Quatnery structure

2 or more polypeptide chains are held togetther by disulide bonds

2 classes of proteins

fibrous proteins

- insolulble in water

mechansism support and sensile strenght , main building material hence aka structural proteins

globular proteins

most likely tertiary/quatnrary

solbule inw ataer, sensitive to ph

chemically actival andmediaet all biochemical reactions hense aka functional proteins

Denaturation of globular protein

if very low dentnaturating unwrapes it and the active stite is exposed and substrate cannot bind

What is the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms?

A cell

What principle states that biochemical reactions in a cell are dictated by its subcellular structures?

The principle of complementarity of structure and function

What are the three main parts of a cell?

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

What defines the boundary of a cell?

The plasma membrane

What is contained within the cytoplasm?

Cytoplasmic organelles

What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

It contains genes that control the activities of the cell

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A model describing the plasma membrane's structure, where the lipid bilayer exhibits fluidity and membrane proteins are in constant flux

What are the two types of membrane proteins?

Integral proteins and peripheral proteins

What are transmembrane proteins?

Integral proteins that span the plasma membrane and are exposed on both surfaces

What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

It stabilizes the plasma membrane and maintains its integrity

What is the function of glycoproteins in the plasma membrane?

They serve as identification tags recognized by other cells

What are tight junctions?

Fusions of integral proteins in adjacent cells that prevent the transfer of substances between them

What is a desmosome?

Linker proteins that hold adjacent cells together and prevent their separation

What is a gap junction?

A junction that allows rapid transfer of ions between cells, formed by connexons