human anatomy and physiology

Ventricle

lower heart chamber

Atrium

upper heart chamber

Myocardium

the muscular tissue of the heart.

Stroke volume

the amount of blood forced out of one ventricle in one contraction

Cardiac output

the volume of blood pumped out of both ventricles in one minute

Sympathetic Nervous System

acts on the sinoatrial node, speeding up the depolarisation rate, and therefore increasing the heart rate.

Parasympathetic portion

Slows heart rate down

Pericardium

Fluid filled sac that the heart sits in

Arteries

carries oxygenated blood from heart to tissues

Veins

carries deoxygenated blood from tissues back to heart.

Systemic Cycle

Blood circulating through out the whole body

Pulmonary Cycle

blood to the lungs.

Plasma

a light amber colored liquid component of blood in which blood cells are absent, but which contains proteins and other constituents of whole blood in suspension. It makes up about 55% of the body's total blood volume

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Formed Elements

suspended in blood plasma, made up of platelets, WBC, and RBC

Capilaires

A capillary connects an arteriole (small artery) to a venule (small vein) to form a network of blood vessels in almost all parts of the body.

Precapillary Sphincters

Reduce or stop blood flow into the capillaries

Postcapillary Sphincters

Stop flow out of the capillary

Hematoma

Collection of (usually) clotted blood in an organ or tissue

Stomach

breaks shit down with hydrochloric acid, wrinkly sac capable of expanding and storing food.

Gastroesophageal valve

Valve that separates esophagus from stomach.

Pyloric valve

separates stomach from small intestine

Epiglottis

valve that sits atop the trachea, open when breathing, closed when swallowing

Chyme

a thick semifluid mass of partially digested food and digestive secretions that is formed in the stomach and intestine during digestion.

Greater Omentum

Flap of fat that insulates the small Intestine nick named “electric blanket”

Small intestine

The small intestine mixes food with digestive enzymes from the pancreas, liver, and intestine, and pushes the mixture forward for further digestion. The walls of the small intestine absorb water and the digested nutrients into your bloodstream.

Hepatic portal vein

sends nutrient rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver, but also delivers toxins to the liver that will be chemically modified in the process of detoxification

Hepatic

means of or relating to the liver

Large intestine

Turns liquid from SI into feces while expelling other toxins. Mostly salvages water and expels cellulose.

Goblet cells

Produce mucus to facilitate feces movement

Reticuloendothelial system

a diverse system of fixed and circulating phagocytic cells (macrophages and monocytes) involved in the immune response.

Kupflers Cells

cells in the liver sinusoids that filter the blood, part of the reticuloendothelial system

Liver Sinusoids

microscopic vessels that allow the exchange of blood between hepatocytes (liver cells) and the bloodstream.

Sexual Dysmorphism

The different anatomical forms of the two sexes

Sex Hormones

Classified as steroids found primarily in the gonads and adrenal cortex

Adrenal cortex

Outer layer of adrenal gland, sits on top of kidney

Female Sex Hormones

Progesterone and estrogen, primary produced by ovary

Male Sex Hormones

Androgens, produced by testes

Ovum

A mature female reproductive cell produced by the ovary wich can become an embryo if fertilized by a male cell.

Uterus

between the ovaries, builds the baby

Endometrium

Lining of the uterus

Menstruation

Shedding of the Endometrium due to lack of fertilized ovum.

Amniotic sac

Little sac of fluid the baby hangs out in until expelled into the world

Placenta

connects the uterus to the umbilical cord, and is responsible for delivering nutrients and oxygen to the tiny child.

Cervex

Separates the vaganal canal from the uterus

Parturition

Medical term for childbirth

Water breaking

When the amniotic sac ruptures and releases all the amniotic fluid

Corpus Luteum

Fills cavity in ovary after ovum is expelled and then secretes progesterone

External respiration

Gas exchange between lungs and the environment

Internal respiration

Gas exchange between cells and blood

Boyle's Law

Increase in volume of container, pressure decreases, decrease volume, pressure decreases

Thoracic cavity

Separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm the thoracic cavity contains organs such as the heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea and thymus

Abdominal cavity

The cavity within the abdomen that contains the stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, spleen, and kidneys, and the lower part of the esophagus

Pelvic cavity

Holds the bladder and the woman stuff

Diaphragm

A muscle that seals the top of the abdominal cavity and attaches to the spine and ribs. The Diaphragm controls the pressure of the lungs to allow for breathing

Pulmonary Alveoli

Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles (tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs). The alveoli are where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out

Surfactant

A fluid secreted by the cells of the alveoli that serves to reduce the surface tension of pulmonary fluids

Pleural cavity

The space enclosed by the pleura, which is a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity.

Mucoperiosteum

Makes mucus which helps clean the air

Nasal Concha

Walls in the nasal cavity that help with conditioning the air

General senses

Organs distributed throughout the whole body that receive short range stimuli

Special senses

Long range stimuli received by special receptor organs in the head

Retina

turns light rays into brain stimuli using photoreceptor cells (cons and rods)

Bipolar cells

Induces a signal sent to the ganglion cells based on what the photoreceptor cells said.

Cones

Acute vision + process color vision concentrated toward the rear of the eyeball

Rods

Light received by rods in terms of black and white the rods are case sensitive to less intense light than cones. Located on the sides of the eyeballs.

Blind spot

Where the ganglion cells exit the eyeball, there's no rods//cons so you can't see any light that hits there.

Optic Chiasma

where the two optic nerves enter the cranial cavity and join

Cornea

Focuses light rays

Crystalline lens

For focusing light rays but for fine adjustments only

Pupil

Controls now how much light enters the eye

Startle reflex

Unexpected visual stimulus causing an individual to induce movement

Pupillary Reflex

The muscles of the iris to controller the amount of light entering the eyeball

Lacrimal gland

Located on the upper corner by the end of the eye brow the lacrimal gland secretes lacrimal fluid into the upper eyelid.

Lacrimal sac

Sac that sits by the side of the eye closer to the nose. The sac holds dirty lacrimal fluid and then drains it into the nasal chamber.

Lacrimal fluid

Fluid that cleans and protects the eyeball

Ear

Uses receptor cells to pick up vibrations and send them to the cerebral cortex

Pinna

The exterior ear also known as the auricle

External auditory meatus

Ear canal

Tympanic membrane

The eardrum

Cerumen

Technical term for earwax

Eustachian Tube

Connects the ear to the throat and regulates the pressure between the ear canal and head.

General body sense

the brain interpreting the sensory inputs to understand the body's condition of posture

Macula

Hairs in the ear that help conduct balance based off gravity primarily reads linear acceleration

Cristole

Detects rotation of the head and helps balance the head

Olfactory Epithelium

Contains hair cells called Chemo receptors that help the brain smells things

Locomotion

Movement of the body

hemopoiesis

production of red blood cells

Long bone

has a long, thin shape. Examples include the bones of the arms and legs

Short bone

has a squat, cubed shape. Examples include the bones that make up the wrists and the ankles.

Flat bone – has a flattened, broad surface. Examples include ribs, shoulder blades, breast bone and skull bones.

Irregular bone – has a shape that does not conform to the other three types. Examples include the bones of the spine (vertebrae).

Connective tissue

The skeleton is made up of lots of connective tissue, connective tissue connects and supports bones.

Compact bone tissue

Hard layer of bone on the exterior

Spongy bone

Hard but sponge shaped bone on the interior of the bone.

Osteocytes

Bone cells

Trabeculae

irregular shaped rods arranged in a lattice network in the spongy bone

Apatite

crystals in the bone that assist when strength

Piezoelectric effect

Apatite crystals when compressed produce an electric current that causes your bones to grow

Osteoblasts

Bone cells building bone tissue

Osteoclasts

bone cells destroying bone tissue