UMD PSYC100 Developmental Psychology: Key Concepts and Theories

Secure Attachment

- Secure signs: attentive, present, safe; playful. Easy flow btw connections & attachments; practices repair

Avoidant Detachment

- Avoidant signs: disconnected, non-emotional; alienated, abrupt, loner. Distress w/ closeness

Ambivalent Attachment

- Ambivalent signs: lack of consistency; crave connection with simultaneously pushing people away. Pressure to speak. Ignores caring behaviors. Lack of self-care/self-soothing. Distress w/ separation & fear of abandonment. Misreads cues negatively.

Disorganized Attachment

Disorganized signs: sudden state shifts and extreme dysregulation. Situational or chronic. Spectrum between avoidant & ambivalent. Chaotic & acts out. Views relationships as dangerous. When extreme (or sever), a personality disorder.

What is Developmental Psychology

Changes in Behavior from Conception to Death

What research methods do you use for Developmental Psychology?

Cross-Sectional or Longitudinal

What are the 4 Attachment Styles?

Secure

Avoidant

Ambivalent

Disorganized (Dont need to know Ig)

Secure Caregiver Pattern

Attuned, present safe

Repair mis-attunements

Align with a child’s state

Comfortable with connection and individuation

Reflect cues accurately

Consistant

Avoidant Caregiver Pattern

Vacant, Non-Present, rejecting, only present when tasking, doesn’t relate emotionally, not attuned to needs, non-responsive

Ambivalent Caregiver Pattern

Role reversal, on/off parenting, intrusive, no boundaries, intermittent reward, self-absorbed, preoccupied with own attachment wounds, inconsistent

Maccoby and Martin’s Four Parenting Styles

What are these styles?

What do they lead to?

Permissive (More Responsive, Less Demanding)

• Child-driven, rarely enforces rules, overindulges child to avoid conflict

• Result: Mixed, impulsive but independent

Authoritative (More Responsive, More Demanding)

• Solves problems with child, sets clear rules and expectations, open communication and natural consequences

• Result: Secure attachment style

Neglectful (Less Responsive, Less Demanding)

• Uninvolved or absent, little nurture or guidance, indifferent to child’s social-emotional and behavioral needs

• Result: Lonely, sad, immature, difficulty adapting to social norms

Authoritarian (Less Responsive, More Demanding)

• Parent-driven, sets strict rules and punishment, one-way, communication with little consideration of child’s social emotional and behavioral needs)

• Result: Less social competence but high obedience

What are Erickson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

#1: Trust vs. Mistrust → Sense of Basic Trust (Infant - 18 Months)

#2: Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt → Do things by themselves OR Doubt Ability (18 Months - 3 Years)

#3: Initiative vs/ Guilt → Initiate tasks/carry out plans OR feel guilty about independent efforts (3 - 5 Years)

#4: Industry vs. Inferiority → Pleasure of applying themselves to tasks OR feeling inferior (5 - 13 Years)

#5: Identity vs. Confusion → Sense of self by testing roles and integrating to form a single identity OR confusion about self (13 - 21 Years)

#6: Intimacy vs. Isolation → Struggle to form close relation and gain capacity for intimate love OR feel socially isolated (21 - 39 Years)

#7: Generatively vs. Stagnation → Discover a sense of contributing to world (family/work) OR lack of purpose (40 - 65 Years)

#8: Integrity vs. Despair → Reflecting on life, satisfaction OR failure (65+)

#1: Trust vs. Mistrust

Sense of Basic Trust (Infant - 18 Months)

#2: Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Do things by themselves OR Doubt Ability (18 Months - 3 Years)

#3: Initiative vs/ Guilt

Initiate tasks/carry out plans OR feel guilty about independent efforts (3 - 5 Years)

#4: Industry vs. Inferiority

Pleasure of applying themselves to tasks OR feeling inferior (5 - 13 Years)

#5: Identity vs. Confusion

Sense of self by testing roles and integrating to form a single identity OR confusion about self (13 - 21 Years)

#6: Intimacy vs. Isolation

Struggle to form close relation and gain capacity for intimate love OR feel socially isolated (21 - 39 Years)

#7: Generatively vs. Stagnation

Discover a sense of contributing to world (family/work) OR lack of purpose (40 - 65 Years)

#8: Integrity vs. Despair

Reflecting on life, satisfaction OR failure (65+)

Zone of Proximal Development (In → Out)

What I can do → Achieved Development (ZAD) → Where the learner is right now

• General Encouragement

What I can do with help → Proximal Development (ZPD) → What needs to be done to take the learner where they need to be

• Specific Instructions

What I can’t do

• Direct Demonstration

Reflexes in the Newborn AND when they are (3)

Infant Reflex:

• Grasping Reflex - Fetus (16 Weeks) until 6 Months

• Rooting (Sucking) Reflex - Neonate until 4 Months

• Moro Reflex - Neonate Until 5 Months (Danger)

  • Loud noise, sudden touch, change in light

Motor Development in the Newborn (Describe)

Patterns of Muscular Control

• Rate of Maturity Varies

• Order of maturity is almost universal

Vision Development in the Newborn (Describe)

What do they like to look at? (5)

Intelligence

• Prediction and search for explanation

• Immediately begin exploring surroundings

Looking Chamber

Look at: Angles, Circles/Bulls Eyes, Contrasts (B&W), Primary Colors, Eyes/Faces

Other Race Effect (ORE)

Easier to distinguish between faces of their own racial group

• Emergences in infancy

• Driven by access of facial features in individual environment

  • Disappears 9 Months

• Racial Bias

  • Implicit