D467 - Exploring Data

What are cookies?

Types of malware that can damage computers

Small files stored on computers that contain information about users

Programs that enable users to access websites

Pieces of code that store information about a website

Small files stored on computers that contain information about users

Fill in the blank: For data analytics projects, _____ data is typically preferred because users know it originated within the organization.

second-party

third-party

multi-party

first-party

first-party

A grocery store chain purchases customer data from a credit card company. The grocer uses this data to identify its most loyal customers and offer them special promotions and discounts. What type of data is being used in this scenario?

First-party

Multi-party

Third-party

Second-party

Second-party

In data analytics, what term refers to all possible data values in a dataset?

Source

Representation

Population

Sample

Population

An entertainment website displays a star rating for a movie based on user reviews. Users can select from one to five whole stars to rate the movie. The star rating is an example of what type of data? Select all that apply.

Continuous

Discrete

Ordinal

Nominal

Discrete

Ordinal

What type of data is the height of a skyscraper?

Discrete

Qualitative

Nominal

Continuous

Continuous

In data analytics, what is the term for data that is generated from, and lives, outside of an organization?

Peripheral

Outer

Internal

External

External

What are the key characteristics of unstructured data? Select all that apply.

Fits neatly into rows and columns

Unorganized

May have an internal structure

Clearly identifiable construction

Unorganized

May have an internal structure

Fill in the blank: A data model is used to organize _____ and how they relate to one another.

data visualizations

database structures

data elements

spreadsheet fields

data elements

When discussing structured databases, data analysts refer to the data contained in a row as a record. How do they refer to the data contained in a column?

Field

Subject

Character

Point

Field

Fill in the blank: A data type is a specific kind of data _____ that tells what kind of value the data is.

attribute

frame

model

point

attribute

What are the key characteristics of a text, or string, data type? Select all that apply.

Contains textual information

Only two possible values

Sequence of characters and punctuation

Has numerical percentages

Contains textual information

Sequence of characters and punctuation

In a data table, where are fields contained?

Rows

Columns

Favorites

Charts

Columns

When using long data, each subject has data in multiple rows. This is because each row represents what?

Data in different formats

True or false data points

One observation per subject

Multiple values

One observation per subject

What strategy do data professionals use in order to ensure unbiased sampling?

Use random sampling during data collection

Write survey questions that encourage specific responses

Store data in a spreadsheet

Skew results in a certain direction

Use random sampling during data collection

Fill in the blank: Bias is a _____ preference in favor of or against a person, group of people, or thing.

conscious or subconscious

sensible or insensible

fair or unfair

standard or substandard

conscious or subconscious

Which of the following are examples of sampling bias? Select all that apply.

A teacher gives higher grades to essays written in their own writing style.

A clinical study includes three times more men than women.

A survey of students does not include homeschooled students.

An election poll only interviews people with college degrees.

A clinical study includes three times more men than women.

A survey of students does not include homeschooled students.

An election poll only interviews people with college degrees.

What is the term for the tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that validates pre-existing beliefs?

Sampling bias

Confirmation bias

Observer bias

Interpretation bias

Confirmation bias

Which of the following terms are also ways of describing observer bias? Select all that apply.

Perception bias

Research bias

Spectator bias

Experimenter bias

Research bias

Spectator bias

Experimenter bias

Fill in the blank: Data is considered _____ when it is accurate, complete, and unbiased information that has been vetted and proven fit for use.

original

current

comprehensive

reliable

reliable

Which of the following are usually good data sources? Select all that apply.

Vetted public datasets

Social media sites

Governmental agency data

Academic papers

Vetted public datasets

Governmental agency data

Academic papers

To determine if a data source is cited, ask which of the following questions? Select all that apply.

When was this data last refreshed?

Who created this dataset?

Is this dataset from a credible organization?

Has this dataset been properly cleaned?

When was this data last refreshed?

Who created this dataset?

Is this dataset from a credible organization?

A junior data analyst learns that the dataset they have been given is six years old. After looking into this further, they also discover that the age of the data is making the information irrelevant to their project. What good data source principle have they used to evaluate the dataset?

Comprehensive

Original

Reliable

Current

Reliable

What are data ethics?

Established methods for ensuring data is clean, well-organized, and appropriate for a project

Long-standing techniques for confirming that data is always used to benefit society

Approved strategies data professionals use to safeguard the privacy and security of a dataset

Well-founded standards of right and wrong that dictate how data is collected, shared, and used

Well-founded standards of right and wrong that dictate how data is collected, shared, and used

What concept states that all data-processing activities and algorithms should be completely explainable and understood by the individual who provides their data?

Ownership

Currency

Privacy

Transaction transparency

Transaction transparency

A data analyst removes personally identifying information from a dataset. What task are they performing?

Data anonymization

Data sorting

Data collection

Data visualization

Data anonymization

Before completing a survey, an individual acknowledges reading information about how and why the data they provide will be used. What is this concept called?

Privacy

Discretion

Currency

Consent

Consent

Fill in the blank: Openness refers to _____ access, usage, and sharing of data.

protected

limited

free

disclosed

free

What is the preferred method for open data to be made available?

A convenient and modifiable internet download

A secure password-protected file

A compressed file format that keeps file size small

A print copy that is easily shared by anyone

A convenient and modifiable internet download

What are the main benefits of open data? Select all that apply.

Combines data from different fields of knowledge

Good data is more widely available

Restricts data access to certain groups of people

Increases the amount of data available for purchase

Combines data from different fields of knowledge

Good data is more widely available

What are the key aspects of universal participation? Select all that apply.

Certain groups of people must share their private data.

No one can place restrictions on data to discriminate against a person or group.

Everyone must be able to use, reuse, and redistribute open data.

All corporations are allowed to sell open data.

No one can place restrictions on data to discriminate against a person or group.

Everyone must be able to use, reuse, and redistribute open data.

Freedom from inappropriate use of your data is an element of which aspect of data ethics?

Consent

Transparency

Privacy

Currency

Consent

A data professional working on a project about commuters researches the origin of a dataset to confirm it was created by a reputable source, such as a government transportation agency. Which aspect of good data are they prioritizing?

Original

Comprehensive

Cited

Reliable

Cited

A hospital system wants to protect the personally identifiable information of its patients, such as names and medical records. They ask their data team to anonymize the data. What techniques might they use to achieve this goal?

Hashing

Masking

Sorting

Blanking

Masking

Blanking

A manager in charge of selling a particular product interprets any ambiguous customer feedback about the product as being positive. What type of bias does this represent?

Confirmation

Sampling

Interpretation

Observer

Confirmation

Which data ethics principle gives an individual the right to know why their data is collected and how long it will be stored?

Consent

Anonymization

Credibility

Privacy

Consent

A university surveys its student-athletes about their experience in college sports. The survey only includes student-athletes with scholarships. What type of bias does this scenario describe?

Sampling

Observer

Interpretation

Confirmation

Sampling

Fill in the blank: The data ethics principle of transaction transparency states that an individual has the right to understand all of the _____ and algorithms used on their data.

free access

data-processing activities

raw data

financial transactions

data-processing activities

A government agency allows any business, nonprofit, or citizen to access its databases and reuse or redistribute the data. What type of data is described in this scenario?

Closed

Allowable

Free

Open

Open

An investor with a background working in the tech industry interprets any pitch from a tech startup as being more promising than others, even if the information is confusing and ambiguous. What type of bias does this scenario describe?

Sampling

Interpretation

Observer

Confirmation

Interpretation

A magazine conducts research about people's reading preferences. They only include respondents who currently subscribe. What type of bias does this scenario describe?

Confirmation

Interpretation

Sampling

Observer

Sampling

Fill in the blank: The data ethics principle of _____ states that an individual has the right to understand all of the data-processing activities and algorithms used on their data.

transaction transparency

consent

ownership

currency

transaction transparency

A financial institution publishes data about stock prices and market trends, which any business, nonprofit, or citizen can access, reuse, or redistribute through its online databases. What type of data is described in this scenario?

Open

Allowable

Free

Closed

Open

Fill in the blank: A relational database contains a series of _____ that can be connected to form relationships.

tables

cells

fields

spreadsheets

tables

What is the term for an identifier that references a database column in which each value is unique?

Field

Relation

Primary key

Foreign key

Primary key

What process do data professionals use to eliminate data redundancy, increase data integrity, and reduce complexity in a database?

Composition

Normalization

Manipulation

Iteration

Normalization

Fill in the blank: When using a relational database, data analysts write _____ to request data from the related tables.

relationships

keys

queries

programs

queries

A large company has several databases across its many departments. What kind of metadata describes how many locations contain a certain piece of data?

Structural

Administrative

Descriptive

Representative

Structural

A large metropolitan high school gives each of its students an ID number to differentiate them in its database. What kind of metadata are the ID numbers?

Administrative

Structural

Descriptive

Representative

Descriptive

An international nonprofit organization wants to merge third-party data with its own data. Which of the following actions will help make this process successful? Select all that apply.

Use metadata to standardize the datasets.

Replace the incoming data's metadata with its own company metadata.

Use metadata to evaluate the third-party data's quality and credibility.

Alter the internal metadata to more closely reflect the incoming metadata.

Use metadata to standardize the datasets

Use metadata to evaluate the third-party data's quality and credibility

Fill in the blank: Data _____ is a process data professionals use to ensure the formal management of their organization's data assets.

sourcing

governance

organization

storage

governance

What are some key benefits of open-data initiatives? Select all that apply.

Limit opportunities for collaboration

Make government activities more transparent

Support innovation and economic growth

Help educate citizens about important issues

Make government activities more transparent

Support innovation and economic growth

Help educate citizens about important issues

What type of file saves data in a table format?

Calculated spreadsheet values (.csv)

Comma-separated values (.csv)

Cell-structured variables (.csv)

Compatible scientific variables (.csv)

Comma-separated values (.csv)

Bringing data from a .csv file into a spreadsheet is an example of what process?

Filing data

Importing data

Editing data

Normalizing data

Importing data

In Google Sheets, what function enables a data analyst to specify a range of cells in one spreadsheet to be duplicated in another?

SPECIFY

DUPLICATE

IMPORTRANGE

CELLRANGE

IMPORTRANGE

What is the process for arranging data into a meaningful order to make it easier to understand, analyze, and visualize?

Filtering

Prioritizing

Reframing

Sorting

Sorting

A data analyst is reviewing a national database of real estate sales. They are only interested in sales of condominiums. How can the analyst narrow their scope?

Sort by condominium sales

Filter out non-condominium sales

Filter out condominium sales

Sort by non-condominium sales

Filter out non-condominium sales

A data analyst works for a rental car company. They have a spreadsheet that lists car ID numbers and the dates cars were returned. How should they sort the spreadsheet to find the most recently returned cars?

By return date, in ascending order

By return date, in descending order

By car numerical ID, in ascending order

By car numerical ID, in descending order

By return date, in descending order

Fill in the blank: To keep a header row at the top of a spreadsheet, highlight the row and select _____ from the View menu.

set

lock

freeze

pin

freeze

Which statement is true about sampling, irrespective of sample size?

The sample standard deviation (Stdev) is the same as the population Stdev.

The sample distribution approximates to normal distribution.

The sample bias is reduced if the sample being selected is representative of the population.

The sample mean approaches the population mean

The sample bias is reduced if the sample being selected is representative of the population.

A data analyst is performing analysis on data stored in a big data platform with state-of-the-art analysis tools. Insufficient sample size is rendering the current analysis ineffective. What is the primary challenge of a larger sample size?

Collecting a larger sample size is more expensive.

Analyzing a larger sample size is complex.

Storing a larger sample size is difficult.

Cleansing a larger sample size is complicated.

Collecting a larger sample size is more expensive.

In the next six months, an analyst is expected to analyze and present the effects of monthly promotions on sales of a new product released one month ago. Which solution for insufficient data should this analyst pursue?

Look for a new data set

Identify trends with available data

Speak with stakeholders and adjust the objective

Wait for more data

Wait for more data

A team leader is assigned the task of evaluating the schema of a data set as part of data cleansing. How would the team leader define a schema to the analyst collaborating on the project prior to commencing cleansing?

How well two or more data sets work together

A way of describing how something is organized

A process of combining two or more data sets into a single data set

A way of matching fields in separate databases

A way of describing how something is organized

An analyst performing data cleansing on invoice data would like to select and view rows that have an amount paid that is greater than $100. Which spreadsheet functionality should the analyst use?

COUNTIF

Conditional formatting

Filter

Remove duplicates

Filter

Why is clean data critical for data analysis?

It ensures data drives the decision the analyst intends to communicate.

It ensures data used for analysis reflects operational reality.

It ensures data is structured to enable effective analysis.

It ensures data is visualized to make decisions.

It ensures data used for analysis reflects operational reality.

What does an UPDATE statement do after execution in Structured Query Language (SQL)?

Modifies values in certain cells of a table based on conditions

Inserts new rows into the table based on data provided in the query

Removes tables based on the query

Creates a temporary table to be downloaded for analysis and visualization

Modifies values in certain cells of a table based on conditions

An analyst wants to extract data from a table by filtering for certain conditions prior to performing data cleansing. Which Structured Query Language (SQL) statement will perform this function?

LENGTH statement

DISTINCT statement

TRIM statement

WHERE statement

WHERE statement

An analyst wants to combine the fields for city and state into a single field prior to extraction for data cleansing. Which Structured Query Language (SQL) statement will perform this function?

CONCAT statement

CAST statement

ORDER BY statement

COALESCE statement

CONCAT statement

An analyst wants to present a high-level summarized version of the data at the end of data cleansing. Which spreadsheet functionality should the analyst use?

Conditional formatting

Pivot table

Find and replace

Filters

Pivot table

What is the definition of verification in the data cleaning process?

A process of ensuring the degree to which a set of measures is equivalent across systems

A process of chronologically listing the modifications made to a set of data files during the data cleansing process

A process to confirm how accurate and reliable a data set is following data cleaning

A process to report on the results of data cleansing efforts to help build trust in the data and cleansing

A process to confirm how accurate and reliable a data set is following data cleaning

What is an outcome of the verification step of data cleansing?

Compares dirty data with clean data

Ensures the data collected and cleansed will address the original purpose

Chronologically documents how the data set evolved during the project

Helps build trust in the cleansing process and data

Ensures the data collected and cleansed will address the original purpose

An analyst used a column of a table to uniquely identify each record within a table. Which tool did they use?

Normalization

Field

Foreign key

Primary key

Primary key

Which tool is used by data analysts to store and organize data, making it easier for them to manage and access information?

Primary key

Table

Database

Foreign key

Database

Which element of a Notepad file would be considered data as opposed to underlying metadata?

File contents

File description

FIle date

File size

File contents

What is an example of administrative metadata for a digital file?

File size

File name

File contents

File permission

File permission

What is an acceptable syntax for the SELECT keyword in MySQL?

"select"

select

SELECT_Keyword

'select'

select

An expert in query languages searched for month_name = DEC using Vertica. The data set contains variations of the word December, such as dec, Dec, etc. What will the output of this search query be?

It will return all entries that match DEC only.

It will return all entries that match dec only.

It will return all entries such as dec, Dec, DEC.

It will return all entries that match Dec only.

It will return all entries that match DEC only.

What is the general rule regarding the suggested length of each line in a query to maintain indentation best practices?

Less than or equal to 50 characters

Greater than or equal to 100 characters

Less than or equal to 100 characters

Greater than or equal to 50 characters

Less than or equal to 100 characters

What is a feature of the filtering process when applied to spreadsheets?

Filtering hides the data temporarily.

Filtering orders the data temporarily.

Filtering removes the data permanently.

Filtering orders the data meaningfully.

Filtering hides the data temporarily.

Which process utilizes logical and descriptive names for files, making them easier to find and use?

Safety measures

Foldering

Normalization

Data validation

Foldering

Which process may restrict data analysis needs and should be balanced with data access needs?

Data security

Data storage

Data organization

Data normalization

Data security

What is the best practice for naming folders and subfolders to organize data?

Use special character names.

Use descriptive names.

Use numeric names.

Use spaces in the names

Use descriptive names.

Which file name follows formatting conventions?

SalesReport 2021

SalesReport*2021

SalesReport_2021

SalesReport!2021

SalesReport_2021

Which of the following items are examples of structured data? Select all that apply.

Price list

Scanned medical images

Data table

Audio recording

Price list

Data table

Fill in the blank: The number of points scored in a basketball game is an example of _____ data.

discrete

open

nominal

continuous

discrete

Which of the following statements accurately describe first-, second-, and third-party data? Select all that apply.

-When using third-party data, it's important to confirm its accuracy.

-Second-party data is sold by a trusted partner to another party.

-Third-party data is collected by an individual or group using their own resources.

-A key benefit of using first-party data is that the user knows where it came from.

-When using third-party data, it's important to confirm its accuracy.

-Second-party data is sold by a trusted partner to another party.

-A key benefit of using first-party data is that the user knows where it came from.

What is the most likely reason why a data analyst would use historical data instead of gathering new data?

The data is unknown

The data is constantly changing

The project has a very short time frame

The project is unimportant

The project has a very short time frame

A political scientist needs to poll all voters in Seoul, South Korea, in order to predict the outcome of an election. Because it would be impossible to collect data from every single person in the city, the political scientist polls a part of the population that is representative of the whole. What does this scenario describe?

Using a population

Choosing a data type

Using a sample

Choosing quantitative data

Using a sample

Which of the following items are examples of continuous data? Select all that apply.

Duration of a customer service call

Favorite social media platform

Number of employees at a company

Temperature of a swimming pool

Duration of a customer service call

Temperature of a swimming pool

Which of the following questions would enable a data professional to collect nominal qualitative data?

How many books do you own?

How many years of experience do you have?

Is this your first time dining at this restaurant?

What is your height?

Is this your first time dining at this restaurant?

A data scientist at a tech company records whether users have accepted their company's terms of service or not. What data type is being collected in this scenario?

Text

Boolean

String

Numerical

Boolean

On very short notice, a data analyst is asked to create a report for stakeholders. Because of the challenging time frame, what type of data might yield the best results?

Theoretical

Fabricated

Unclean

Historical

Historical

Which example shows the use of primary data?

U.S. census data used by a university

A company's survey data of its customers' satisfaction

Data purchased from a market firm containing customer profiles

Data from a published journal cited in a student's research paper

A company's survey data of its customers' satisfaction

What is the difference between raw data and information?

Raw data is universal, while information is specific.

Raw data is organized, while information is unstructured.

Raw data is corrupt, while information is secure.

Raw data is unorganized, while information is structured.

Raw data is unorganized, while information is structured.

Which role does an analyst have in collecting second-party data?

Contracts with data aggregators

Acquires internal data

Contracts with an external entity

Surveys sample populations

Contracts with an external entity

An analyst needs to show the geographic distribution of customers in the United States by region. Which visual representation should this analyst use?

Sales reports

Field descriptions

Charts

A data dictionary

Charts

Which type of structured data does an analyst use?

Social media posts

User-created content

Videos of store traffic

Store inventory

Store inventory

What is an example of conceptual data modeling that an analyst uses?

Using mathematical models for predictive analysis of experiments

Defining how individual records are uniquely identified in a database

Defining the business requirements for a new database

Using table names, column names, and data types for the database

Defining the business requirements for a new database

What leads to confirmation bias in data collection?

People experience the same circumstance differently.

People view the same object differently.

People search to verify preexisting beliefs.

People perceive ambiguous situations in a positive or negative way.

People search to verify preexisting beliefs.

How does an analyst ensure that a data source is reliable?

It includes data needed to answer the research question.

It is accurate, complete, and unbiased information.

It is validated against the original source.

It includes data that is current and relevant to the study.

It is accurate, complete, and unbiased information.