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what salts are always soluble?
sodium, potassium, and ammonium (SPA salts)
nitrates
what are the solubility rules for chlorides?
most are soluble
silver and lead (II) chloride are insoluble (Ag, Pb)
what are the solubility rules for sulfates?
most are soluble
barium, calcium, and lead (II) sulfate are insoluble (Ba, Ca, Pb)
what are the solubility rules for carbonates?
all are insoluble except for the SPA salts
what are the solubility rules for hydroxides?
all are insoluble except for the SPA salts
calcium hydroxide is slightly soluble in water
define acids and bases
acids are proton donors, as they ionize in solution, producing protons (H+ ions)
bases are proton acceptors, as they ionize in solution, producing OH- ions, which can accept protons
what are some examples of bases? (remember the bonus one)
metal oxides
metal hydroxides
metal carbonates
ammonia solution
what are the products when an acid reacts with a metal?
acid + metal → salt + hydrogen
what are the products when an acid reacts with a metal oxide?
acid + metal oxide → salt + water
what are the products when an acid reacts with a metal hydroxide?
acid + metal hydroxide → salt + water
what are the products when an acid reacts with a metal carbonate?
acid + metal carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide
if there is effervescence present in an acid-base reaction, what must the base be?
a metal carbonate
the bubbles are CO2
what is the difference between a base and an alkali?
an alkali is a base that is soluble in water
all alkalis are bases, but not all bases are alkalis
what is the difference between ammonia and ammonium, and what are their formulas?
what is special about ammonia?
ammonia is the gas - NH3
ammonium is the ion - NH4+
ammonia solution is also a base - when ammonia reacts with water, it produces hydroxide ions
NH3 + H2O → NH4+ + OH-
TIP: aqueous ammonia and ammonium hydroxide are the same thing
what method should you use for making an insoluble salt, and how?
precipitation method
mix together equal volumes of two aqueous solutions, one containing the postive ion, and one containing the negative ion
filter out the precipitate with filter paper and a funnel
wash the precipitate with distilled water to remove traces of other solutions
leave to dry in a warm place
what method should you use for making a soluble salt that is not a SPA salt, and how?
acid + insoluble base method
put 50cm3 of dilute acid into a beaker and heat on a tripod with gauze using a bunsen burner
add insoluble base while stirring until no more dissolves (to ensure that all the acid reacts)
transfer the solution into an evaporating basin and heat until you are left with a saturated solution (check that it is saturated by dipping in a glass rod - if it is saturated, crystals will form)
leave the solution to cool and crystals to form
rinse the crystals with some distilled water and leave them to dry in a warm place