1st partial review Biology

All the dimensions of men must be in balance

According to the world health organization, the state of health should be defined as "The complete welfare of a person" in these dimensions (select all that apply).

Disease

This concept refers to the "*Decrease of a physical, psychological or social capacity that can constitute an obstacle to enjoy a complete state of wellbeing*"

Biological

Physical aspects of the body such as organs and systems that make it up along with their functions.

Psychological

Mental an emotional aspects of an individual

Social

Regarding interactions with other people

Agent

Any pathogen that can act on a susceptible host and cause a disease

Environment

Circumstances that favor the pathologic relationship between the agent and the host.

Degenerative

A person in their adulthood can develop certain types of senile dementias such as those derived from Alzheimer's.

These diseases often involve mental deterioration due to loss of normal brain function. In which of the following categories can senile dementias be classified? 

Sign

**Skin rash**

Symptom

Headache

Symptom

Menstrual cramps

Sign

Fever

Sign

Bruising

Sign

High blood pressure

Primary

Preventive practices like **vaccination** and **healthy eating** are part of this level of prevention.

Primary prevention

**It aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs**

Secondary prevention

**It aims to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred**

Tertiary prevention

**It aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects**

Microbes

All bacteria and viruses are

Pathogens

**Organisms or viruses that can cause a disease.**

Immunity

**Ability to resist a possible disease.**

Immune system

**Body system made up of specialized cells and proteins that defend organisms from infectious diseases**

Immune response

**Series of steps by which the immune system attacks organisms and foreign substances that enter the body**

Antigens

**Spike proteins on the surface of pathogens that can trigger an immune response**

Antibodies

**Proteins made by our body defense system that recognize antigens, triggering an immune response**

Skin

Body **surface** that provides a physical barrier against the entrance of pathogens, while at the same time protecting the body from chemical substances and physical trauma.

Sebum

Glands in association with the **hair follicle** secrete this chemical substance that keeps our skin moist, lightly lowering pH, and inhibiting bacterial and fungal growth.

  

Natural killer cells

Cells that constitute part of your nonspecific internal defenses. Their function is to kill infected body cells by inducing apoptosis. 

Phagocytes

Cells that constitute part of your nonspecific internal defenses. Their function is to engulf and kill pathogens that may be roaming in the blood or body tissues. 

B cells

Cells that produce antibodies and provide future immunity against similar pathogens are:

He will have many more infections than normal.

Which of the following predictions is the most accurate about a person who has normal external barriers and specific internal defenses but lacks nonspecific internal defenses?

B cells

As a doctor, you discover a new virus that prevents the body from creating memory cells. Based on what you know about human defenses against disease, you predict that this virus is infecting and destroying which type of white blood cell?

Active immunity

Vaccination is a method of…

Passive Immunity

Breastmilk is an example of

Biological, psychological and social

Which are the 3 dimensions of men?

Secondary prevention

Early detection and treatment of breast cancer to prevent its progression to the invasive stage, is an example of:

Primary prevention

When the government or any other organization launches a campaign for the population to get vaccinated against a specific virus, that is:

Agent

Every power, principle or substance that can act on a host and will cause damage and illness:

  

Lack disease

**Beriberi** is a disease caused by a vitamin B1 deficiency. According to this information, beriberi can be categorized as a:

A sign is elevated blood pressure and a symptom is chest pain.

Raquel is a 59 year old patient that woke up one day and started feeling dizzy and fatigued. She then started sensing chest pain and decided to go to the hospital. When she arrived, Dr. Mtz started taking her vital signs and realized her blood pressure was 140/89 which is high considering the normal range is 120/80. When Dr. Mtz asked Raquel from 1-10 how much pain was she in, she stated that her pain was an 8. Talking specifically about chest pain and elevated blood pressure, what can be considered a sign and what a symptom? 

Stage of susceptibility

Disease has not developed, but the groundwork has been laid by the presence of factors that favor its occurrence.

Pre-symptomatic stage

There are no manifestations of disease but pathological changes (damage) have started to occur.

Clinical stage

The person has developed signs and symptoms of the disease.

Stage of disability or death

Diseases run their course and they resolve completely either spontaneously or by treatment.

False

TRUE OR FALSE In the passive immunity, the individual **produces** an immune reaction against an antigen.

B cells and T cells

Specific immunity

Examples of non-specific immunity

Inflammation, Phagocytes and “Natural killer cells” and Physical and chemical barriers

True

TRUE OR FALSE Immunity is the capacity of the organism to remove or to eliminate strange substances, pathogenic and cancerous cells.

First line of defense

Physical, chemical, and mechanical barriers that usually keep pathogens on the outside of the body belong to this line of defense:

Antibodies

Proteins made by our body system that recognize antigens triggering the immune response.

Antigen

Any substance that can trigger the immune response

Pathogen

Organism or virus that can cause a disease

Disability

Is the limitation of a person’s activities including his role as a parent, wage earner, etc.

False

TRUE OR FALSE According to the WHO (World Health Organization) Health is only the absence of sickness. 

Natural History of Disease

Refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of intervention

Gland

Epithelium that secrets a product is a:

Skeletal

Type of muscle tissue under voluntary control.

Adipose tissue

It's found beneath the skin and it's functions include energy storage, insulation and protection.

Red blood cells

Do __*not have a nucleus*__ and contain hemoglobin

White blood cells

__*Do have a nucleus*__ and fights infection by either phagocytosis or antibodies.

Platelets

Cell fragments that aid in blood clotting

Plasma

Matrix of blood

Bone

Consists of a hard matrix of inorganic salts, especially calcium salts deposited around collagen fibers:

Spongy bone

A

Compact bone

B

Control, communication and detection of stimuli

The functions of the nervous system are:

Actin and myosin

Muscle fibers contain these contractile proteins:

Connective tissue

Type of tissue that binds organs together, fill spaces, provides support and protection, produces blood cells and stores fat:

Protection and secretion

2 functions of Epithelial Tissues

Cartilage

A

Nervous

B

Adipose

C

D

Bone

Blood

E

Epithelial

F

Muscle

H

Appendicular skeleton

Red

Axial skeleton

Green

Long bone

D

Short bone

B

Irregular bone

C

Flat bone

A

Joint

**The point at which two (or more) bones meet**

Ligaments

**Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone at a joint**

Cartilage

**Soft connective tissue found between joints**

Tendons

**Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone**

Cardiac muscle

**Involuntary and striated muscle. It is found only in the heart and is specialized to help pump blood throughout the body.**

Smooth muscle

**Muscle that is controlled by the autonomic nervous system (not consciously controlled)**

Skeletal muscle

**Type of muscle that provides movement to the bones.**

Sarcomeres

The myofibrils of skeletal muscle are made up of repeating, contractile units called

Muscular dystrophy

It is a genetic disease, it is a generative disease, affects more males than females, and it can not be treated with antibiotics.

Phosphorus

Bones store calcium and

Vertebra

If a doctor tells a patient that they broke an __axial bone__, to which of these bones may the doctor be referring? Vertebra- Radius - Fibula - Llium

Osteoporosis

Lost of calcium from hard bone

Red bone marrow

Located in spongy bone, produces white blood cells and red blood cells.

Can both flex and extend your leg

The muscles of your upper leg are arranged in **antagonistic pairs** so that you

Neck

Although it is known that tendinitis can affect any part of the body, which of the following options is not a commonly affected area? 

Heart and lungs

What organs can we find in the thoracic cavity?

Pancreas

It is an organ that it is not found in the pelvic cavity: Rectum - Pancreas - Uterus - Bladder

Sagittal

Plane section that divides the body or organ, resulting in left and right pieces.