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225 Terms

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Locard's Principle of Exchange

contact between people and objects during a crime can result in a transfer of material

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direct evidence

evidence (if true) that proves a fact (eyewitness account)

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circumstantial evidence

evidence that does not directly support a fact (blood stain or fingerprint)

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physical evidence

an object used to support elements of a crime

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biological evidence

organic matter used to support elements of a crime

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class evidence

evidence that narrows an identity to a group of persons or things

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individual evidence

evidence that narrows identity to a single person or thing

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trace evidence

a small amount of physical or biological evidence

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crime-scene investigation team

police officers, detectives, crime-scene investigators, medical examiners, and specialists

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crime-scene investigation

recognize, document, photograph, and collect evidence

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first-responding officer

identify extent of crime scene, secure the scene, and separate witnesses

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primary crime scene

location of where the crime took place

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secondary crime scene

alternate location where additional evidence can be collected

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crime-scene investigator

processes crime scenes (recognize, document, and preserve evidence)

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triangulation

mathematical method of calculating the location of an object based on the position of other objects

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paper bindle

folded paper used to hold evidence

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chain of custody

document that records how and when evidence has been handled

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datum point

a permanent, fixed point of reference used in mapping a crime scene

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crime-scene reconstruction

forming a hypothesis of the sequence of evidence before, during, and after the crime

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forensic laboratory

where evidence is analyzed

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detective

develops a possible crime-scene scenario

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toxicology

the study of poisons, toxins, drugs, and other substances people use for medical, recreational, or criminal purposes

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handling substance evidence

process it, weigh it, separate it, identify it

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forensic toxicology

science of determining relationship between exposure to a substance and toxic or lethal effects of exposure on humans

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poisons

natural or manufactured chemicals that can cause severe harm

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toxins

naturally occurring poisonous substances living things produce

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toxicologist

examines the effects of harmful substances on the body, establishes cause and effect of exposure, and develops treatments and techniques for detection

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toxicity

degree to which a substance is harmful to a person at a given time

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factors of toxicity

dose, duration, nature of exposure, interactions, by-products when broken down or metabolized

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questions for toxicological testing

which substances? illegal components? how much of each?

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presumptive testing

preliminary chemical tests performed by first-responding officers to identify a substance (does not provide positive confirmation)

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confirmatory testing

multistep chemical process that provides a positive identification of a substance

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colorimetric testing

most common form of presumptive testing that results in a color change

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chromatography, mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, wet chemistry

most common forms of confirmatory testing

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acute poisoning

poisoning caused by a high dose over a short period of time; symptoms present themselves immediately

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chronic poisoning

poisoning caused by low doses over long periods of time; symptoms present themselves gradually

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heavy metals

poisonous metallic substances that are ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin or mucous membranes

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mercury poisoning

heavy metal example

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lethal gas

gases that cause bodily harm or death when inhaled

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carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide

lethal gases examples

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lethal injections

injection of a lethal substance in the body that causes bodily harm or death

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potassium and sodium pentothal

lethal injection examples

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herbicide

chemical substance that controls plants; can be deadly in humans

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pesticide

chemical substance that controls insects and rodents; can be deadly in humans

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aldrin and dieldrin

pesticide examples

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glyphosate mixture

herbicide example

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rattlesnake venom and ricin

toxin examples

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five classes of drugs

based on reactions

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five classes of drugs are

narcotics, depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, anabolic steroids

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tolerance

amount of drug that creates an effect

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addiction

compulsive drug craving and use

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dependency

intense drug craving without withdrawal symptoms

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five schedules of drugs (CSA Act)

based on acceptance for medical use and potential for dependency

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illegal substances

drugs that are not used medically

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heroin and LSD

illegal drug examples

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controlled drugs

legal drugs that are restricted because of their effects and high potential for dependency and abuse

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hallucinogen

illegal drugs that affect perception, thinking, self-awareness, and emotions (effects: elevated heart rate, high blood pressure, dilated pupils)

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LSD

hallucinogen example

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narcotic

addictive, sleep-inducing drugs that depress the CNS and suppress pain (effects: dizziness, weakness, confusion, contracted pupils)

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heroin and morphine

narcotic examples

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controlled substances include

stimulants, narcotics, depressants, and anabolic steroids

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stimulants

highly addictive drugs that increase feelings of energy and alertness while suppressing appetite (effects: high blood pressure and rapid heart rate)

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meth and cocaine

examples of stimulants

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depressants

drugs that relieve anxiety and produce sleep (effects: slowed heart rate, slowed breathing, slurred speech, loss of coordination, coma)

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alcohol

nervous system depressant that can be highly addicting and can impair judgment

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anabolic steroids

substance that promotes cell growth and division; used by bodybuilders and to treat low levels of testosterone

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doping

use of substances to enhance athletic performance

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drug combinations

can have compounding effects and lead to accidental death

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biological profile

estimation of the deceased's sex, age, stature, and ancestry, along with diseases and injuries, as derived from analysis of skeletal remains

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diaphysis

the shaft of a bone

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epiphysis

the unattached end of a bone that eventually becomes fused with the bone shaft

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forensic anthropology

the use of skeletal anatomy to identify remains for legal purposes

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epiphyseal plate

area of cartilage between the shaft and cap of an immature bone responsible for the lengthening of bone

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ossification

the processes that replaces cartilage with bone by the deposition of minerals

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osteoperosis

loss of bone density that can result in increased risk of fractures

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skeletal trauma analysis

the investigation of bones and the marks on them to uncover a potential cause of death

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cartilage

connective tissue that wraps ends of bones for protection and prevents scraping against each other

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ligaments

connective tissue that links two or more bones

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tendons

connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

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full bone growth

males: 19 or 20 femailes: 16 or 17

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bones and geography

compare amounts of strontium and isotopes in teeth to geographical regions

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male shape of eye

more square

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female of shape of eye

more rounded

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male shape of mandible

more square shaped

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female shape of mandible

more V-shaped

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male upper brow ridge

thicker and larger

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female upper brow ridge

thin and slender

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male occipital protuberance

prominent

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female occipital protuberance

less prominent

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male frontal bone

low and sloping

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female frontal bone

higher and more rounded

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male surface of skull

rough and robust

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female surface of skull

smooth and gracile

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male zygomatic process

extends to or past ear opening

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female zygomatic process

stops short of ear opening

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male mastoid process

larger and more robust

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female mastoid process

smaller

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male subpubic angle

less than 90 degrees

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female subpubic angle

greater than 90 degrees

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male pelvic cavity shape

heart-shaped